History can be said to be a science with the most concepts, because the content of history is all-encompassing, and each discipline has its own development history, and these disciplines are within the scope of historical research. However, the history discipline also has concepts that embody its unique attributes, such as some phenomena and events in history. Such as the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, the seven heroes in the Warring States Period, and a hundred schools of thought contend. In essence, these concepts are of course scientific, because they basically reflect the truth and essence of things. However, the concept of history is formed in the process of historical development. In order to emphasize a certain attribute, it is not necessarily as accurate as the concept of natural science to adopt a scientific and vivid statement. For example, "a hundred schools of thought contend" only emphasizes that there are many academic factions, and no one will understand it as exactly one hundred. Another example is "Hundred Days Reform". As we all know, it was from June 65438+June 1 1 to September 2 1, a *** 103 day, but it was called "Hundred Days Reform" in history, and naturally it was a rough number to form a complete one. If the accuracy of 100% is required, its concept should be "103-day reform", which is neither too conceptual nor awkward. There are many similar situations, such as the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, which is a well-known historical concept. Although there are different opinions on who the five tyrants in history are (another view is indicated in the textbook of People's Education Edition), there are actually more than five tyrants. Moreover, among the five hegemons, some vassal states have little influence, and the national rulers have not figured out the hegemony, such as Song Xianggong, who is also among the five hegemons. These are historical concepts formed in history, which have appeared in historical documents for thousands of years and hundreds of years, but it is easy to be confused if they are changed. Therefore, as a history textbook, you can still use the original historical concept (of course, you must explain it clearly) to avoid confusion when students encounter this common-sense historical concept in other occasions or books. Also, during the July 7th Incident, the Japanese invaders began to conduct military exercises at Lugouqiao from the evening of July 7th. 1937. That night 1 1, they provoked again. After being rejected, they mobilized troops to surround the ancient city of Wanping. It is an indisputable fact that the Japanese army shelled the ancient city of Wanping and Lugou Bridge in the early morning of the 8th, and the defenders of China rose to resist in the early morning of the 8th. But we don't need to change the July 7th Incident into the July 8th Incident. This is not only because Japan's aggression and provocation began on the night of the 7th, but also because this historical concept has been formed in history and is recognized by China and foreign countries. Another example is "Huanghuagang 72 Martyrs". When we go to Guangzhou, most people will visit the tomb of the seventy-two martyrs in Huanghuagang. On the archway at the main entrance of the cemetery, there are four glittering characters inscribed by Sun Yat-sen, "End of Great Spirit". In the middle of the tomb is a pavilion, and in the middle stands a square monument to the Tomb of the Seventy-two Martyrs. Further on, there is a mountain-shaped Jigong Square made of 72 huge bluestones, and the front of the square is embedded with a stone inscription "Creating Jigong Square for the 72 Martyrs of the Republic of China". There is also a monument behind Jigongfang, with the words Uprising engraved on the front and the names of 72 martyrs listed on the back. At that time, the remains of these 72 martyrs were collected by member Pan Dawei at the risk of his life. In fact, more than 72 martyrs died in this uprising, but under the circumstances at that time, it was not easy to collect so many. Today, this tomb has become a memorial place for all the martyrs of the Huanghuagang Uprising, not just 72 martyrs. However, the concept of "Huanghuagang martyr" has been formed in history, which has great influence on both domestic and overseas Chinese. Naturally, we don't need to change it today. But it should be explained in the textbook (there is a note in the junior and senior high school textbooks of the People's Education Edition: that is, more revolutionaries died in the Guangzhou Uprising).
Concepts reflect the essence of things, but individual concepts are not necessarily scientific on the surface. For example, zhang xun restoration, as we all know, was not Zhang Xun himself who was restored as emperor, but he used his braid army to make Puyi, who abdicated, re-enter the throne of the emperor. Some people think that the title should be "Restoration of Xuan Tong" to conform to historical facts. In fact, everyone knows that Xuan Tong was only a child of 12 years old. His return to the throne was entirely due to Zhang Xun's army and director, so "zhang xun restoration" reflected the historical essence of this event. In another case, the essence of things is hidden in concepts. For example, the ancient prose movement in China's history and the Renaissance in Europe all belong to this situation. The purpose of the ancient prose movement in Tang and Song Dynasties is to inherit the prose of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, oppose the flashy parallel prose since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and create a new style suitable for reflecting real life. Scholars who advocate the ancient prose movement are ostensibly retro, but in essence they want to innovate the content and language of the article. Therefore, the ancient prose movement is not retro, but an innovative and progressive literary movement. On the surface, the Renaissance in Europe is the revival of classical culture after being suppressed by the church for a long time. In fact, the advanced intellectuals at that time absorbed the nutrition of ancient Greek and Roman culture, fought against the religious theology of the Middle Ages and created a new bourgeois culture. Therefore, its essence is the rise of bourgeois new culture, not the revival of classical culture. A historical concept like this, the essence of which is hidden in the concept, must be explained. But we can't think that these concepts are unscientific and don't reflect the essence of things. Only when students correctly understand these historical concepts can they form a scientific view of history.
What I said above is just my personal view of history. Please correct me.
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