Brief introduction to the history of Internet development
1. What is the Internet?
Internet is the abbreviation of computer interactive network, also known as Internet. It is a data communication network that uses communication equipment and lines to connect tens of millions of computer systems with relatively independent functions distributed in different geographical locations around the world, and uses well-functioning network software (network communication protocols, network operating systems, etc.) to realize network resource sharing and information exchange. ).
2. The origin and development of the Internet.
Internet originated from ARPAnet, the predecessor of DARPA, and was put into use in 1969. Therefore, ARPANET has become the symbol of the birth of modern computer networks.
Since 1960s, ARPAnet network, funded by ARPA and jointly developed by computer companies and universities, has been developed. At first, ARPANET was mainly used for military research purposes. This is mainly based on the guiding ideology that the network must stand the test of failure and keep its normal work. In the case of war, when a part of the network loses its working ability due to an attack, other parts of the network should be able to maintain normal communication. Another important contribution of ARPAnet in technology is the development and utilization of TCP/IP protocol family. As the early backbone network of the Internet, ARPAnet's experiments laid the foundation for the existence and development of the Internet, and solved a series of theoretical and technical problems in the interconnection of heterogeneous computer networks.
1983, ARPANET was split into two parts, ARPANET and MILNET, which were purely for military purposes. At the same time, the emergence and rapid development of local area network and wide area network have played an important role in the further development of the Internet. The most striking is the NSFnet established by ASF (National Science Foundation). NSF has established computer wide area networks divided by regions in the United States, and interconnected these regional networks with supercomputer centers. 1June, 990, NFSnet completely replaced ARPAnet and became the backbone of the Internet.
NSFnet's greatest contribution to the Internet is to make the Internet open to the whole society, instead of being used only by computer researchers and government agencies as before. 1September, 990, Merit, IBM and MCI jointly established a non-profit organization-Advanced Network Science Company ANS(Advanced Network & amp； The purpose of ANS is to build a national T3 backbone network, which can transmit data at a rate of 45Mbps. Up to 199 1, all backbone networks of NSFnet are connected with T3 backbone network provided by ANS.
The second leap of the Internet is attributed to the commercialization of the Internet. As soon as commercial organizations step into the unfamiliar world of the Internet, they soon discover its great potential in communication, data retrieval and customer service. As a result, countless enterprises from all over the world poured into the Internet, which brought a new leap in the history of Internet development.
3. The development and present situation of Internet in China.
About China's public data communication network, four public data communication networks have been established, creating conditions for the development of the Internet in China.
(1) China public packet switched data communication network (ChinaPAC). The network was opened in September, 1993. By the end of 1996, it has covered cities above the county level and some towns in developed areas, and is interconnected with 44 data networks in 23 countries and regions around the world.
(2) China Public Digital Data Network (ChinaDDN). The network was opened in 1994, and covered 3000 towns above the county level by the end of 1996. Most of the backbones of the four major Internet in China use ChinaDDN.
(3) China Public Frame Relay Network (ChinaFRN). The network has set up nodes in the capital cities of eight regions in China to provide high-speed data and multimedia communication to the society.
(4) China Net. The network is interconnected with the Internet by 1995. The physical nodes cover more than 200 cities in 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), and the business scope covers all telephone access areas. In July, 1998, the second phase project of China public computer internet (ChinaNet) backbone network started. In the second phase of the project, the backbone bandwidth of eight regions will be expanded to 155M, and all the node routers in eight regions will be replaced by gigabit routers.
In the second half of 2000, China Telecom used n* 10Gbps DWDM and Gigabit router technology to expand ChinaNet on a large scale. At present, the routing relay between nodes in ChinaNet network is improved from 155M to 2.5Gbps, which is 16 times faster. By the end of 2000, the total domestic bandwidth of ChinaNet had reached 800Gbps, and by March 2006, the total international export bandwidth had exceeded 3Gbps.
4. About the development stage of Internet in China.
The development of Internet in China can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is 1986.6- 1993.3, which is only the stage of mail.
During this period, some scientific research departments and universities in China began to study Internet networking technology, and carried out scientific research projects and scientific and technological cooperation. At present, the network application is limited to a small range of e-mail services, and only provides e-mail services for a few universities and research institutions. The development experience is as follows:
1986: Dialing (Terminal)
1990: x.25 (1989.11:China Pacific, 1993.9: China Pacific).
1993.3: DECnet (email only)
The second stage, from 1994.4 to 1996, is a fully functional connection.
1In April, 1994, the educational and scientific research demonstration network project in Zhongguancun area entered the Internet, realizing the TCP/IP connection with the Internet, thus opening a full-featured Internet service. Since then, China has been officially recognized as a country with Internet. After that, many Internet projects, such as ChinaNet, CERnet, CSTnet and ChinaGBnet, were launched nationwide, and the Internet began to enter public life, which developed rapidly in China. By the end of 1996, the number of netizens in China has reached 200,000, and the services and applications using the Internet have gradually increased.
The third stage, from 1997 to now, is a stage of rapid growth.
After 1997, the number of domestic netizens basically doubled every six months. Today, there are more than 20 million Internet users. According to the statistical report released by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), as of June 30th, 2000 1002 million computers were connected to the Internet in China, including 630,000 dedicated computers1630, 8.39 million dial-up computers and 26.5 million internet users, including 4.54 million dedicated users. The number of users who use other devices (mobile terminals and information appliances) other than computers to surf the Internet is 6.5438+0.07 million. There are 242739 registered domain names 128362 and WWW sites under CN, and the international export bandwidth is 3257Mbps.
For details, please refer to the Memorabilia of Internet Development in China published by China Internet Information Center (CNNIC). At present, there are ten commercial Internet backbone units with independent international import and export routes and non-profit Internet backbone units for education, science and technology, economy and trade in China. There are now more than 600 Internet access service providers (ISPs), of which about 200 operate across provinces.
In terms of network infrastructure, in recent years, China has successively launched a number of international optical cable systems. Has been built and put into use; China, Japan, China and South Korea, global submarine optical cable system, Asia-Europe terrestrial optical cable system; Under construction are: Asia-Pacific No.2 submarine cable, China-US submarine cable and Asia-Europe submarine cable. 1999 A total of 13 domestic trunk optical cables were put into use or put into trial operation. The total length of optical cable is 654.38+00,000 kilometers. The domestic Internet backbone network has expanded its original channels in an all-round way, and the relay circuit is mainly 155M. With the wide application of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology in optical communication construction, the bandwidth of Internet backbone network can reach 2.5G-40G.
According to Leng Rongquan, deputy general manager of China Telecom Group, China Internet backbone network has gone through three stages since 1996: before 1996, most of them used 64K to 2M transmission channels; 1997 to 1999, and the channels from 2M to 1 15M are mostly; From 2000 to 200 1, from 1 15M to 2.5G, starting from 2002, it will gradually enter the 10G era.
In June 2002, 65438+1October1,China Telecom Shanghai-Hangzhou 10G IP over DWDM was completed and opened. The long-distance wavelength division multiplexing transmission system constructed by this channel adopts Cisco's long-distance wavelength division multiplexing system and a series of high-speed Internet routers. This system has been used by large telecom operators all over the world to build a large-scale, fast and stable? IP+ optics? Network, and proved to have good stability, reliability and advanced. The opening of the widest data communication channel in China marks the entry of China Internet backbone transmission network from 2.5G to 10G era, the data transmission capacity of China Telecom has reached the international advanced level, and China Telecom data network has become a real high-speed data network and massive bandwidth network.
Brief Introduction of Top Ten Internet in China
At present, there are 10 network operators (that is, the top ten Internet units) in China, and about 200 network service providers (ISPs) with inter-provincial business qualifications. The top ten Internet units are:
(1) CHINANET) (2) CSTNET (CSTNET)
(3) China Education and Research Computer Network (CERNET) (4) China Jinqiao Information Network (CHINAGBN) (merged into Netcom).
(5) China Unicom Internet (UNINET) (6) China Netcom Public Internet (CNCNET)
(7) cmnet (CMNET) (8) China International Economic and Trade Internet (CIETNET).
(9) China Great Wall Internet (CGWNET) (10) China Satellite Group Internet (CSNET)
Among them, there are four non-profit organizations: cstnet, China Education and Research Computer Network, China International Economic and Trade Internet and China Great Wall Internet. These top ten Internet companies all have independent international exports. According to the survey, as of September 30th, 20001year, the total international export bandwidth of China has reached 5724M (see the figure below, excluding the international export bandwidth data of China Great Wall Internet). Compared with the 2,799m published by CNNIC in the Internet statistical survey report in June, 20001,Chinese mainland's international export bandwidth has increased by 2,799m in just nine months. Among them, 4023M (70.3%) is connected with the United States, 3 14M is connected with Japan, 25 1M is connected with South Korea, 749M is connected with China and Hongkong, and 14M is connected with China and Macau, and it is also connected with Australia, Britain and other countries. In addition, the connection bandwidth between these 10 Internet units and the National Internet Exchange Center (NAP) has also reached 3558M ... The number of interconnection bandwidths between the top ten Internet units in China, and the number of connection bandwidths and international export bandwidths between some ISPs and the top ten Internet units in China, please refer to the Flash chart of Internet connection bandwidth in China.
4. Opportunities and challenges brought by the Internet
The Internet has brought extraordinary opportunities to the whole world. Mankind has experienced agricultural society and industrial society, and is now entering the information society. As another important strategic resource after materials and energy, the effective development and full utilization of information has become an important driving force for social and economic development and an important production factor for economic development. It is changing people's way of production, work, life and study.
First of all, the network shortens the distance between time and space, greatly speeds up the transmission of information, and enables various social resources to be shared.
Secondly, the network has created more opportunities, which can effectively improve the production efficiency of traditional industries and effectively stimulate consumer demand, thus promoting economic growth. Promote the progress of productive forces.
Third, the network also provides a good platform for cultural exchanges at all levels.
The internet has indeed created a miracle, but behind the miracle, there are also more and more prominent problems that have brought great challenges to people. For example, the information gap between the rich and the poor began to widen, and wealth distribution was unequal; The openness and globalization of the network promote the sharing of human knowledge and the globalization of economy. But it also makes network security and information security a very serious problem; Network competition has become a high-tech competition and talent competition between countries and enterprises; The network has brought about the global circulation of information and intensified the cultural infiltration, and all countries are striving to defend their own network culture. China has a long cultural history. How to continue this thick culture on the Internet is a particularly prominent problem.
5. The development characteristics and trends of the Internet.
The development of Internet has gone through three stages: research network, operation network and commercial network. So far, no one in the world can know the exact scale of the Internet. The internet is developing at an amazing speed that people didn't expect at first. Today's Internet has gradually changed people's work and lifestyle in all aspects. People can know the latest weather information, news trends and travel information of the day from the Internet at any time, read newspapers and latest magazines of the day, buy stocks at home, shop online, send and receive emails, enjoy telemedicine and distance education, and so on.
The significance of the Internet lies not in its scale, but in the fact that it provides a brand-new global information infrastructure. Today, the world is moving towards the era of knowledge economy. The information industry has developed into a new pillar industry in developed countries, a new source of power to promote the rapid development of the world economy, and has widely penetrated into various fields, especially the development of the Internet and its application in recent years, which has fundamentally changed people's concepts, production and lifestyle, promoted the development of all walks of life, and become one of the important symbols of the era of knowledge economy. Internet has formed the embryonic form of the global information superhighway and the blueprint of the future information society. Looking at the development history of the Internet, we can see that the development trend of the Internet is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1) Operation industrialization
Enterprises with Internet operation as their industry have risen rapidly. 1Since May, 1995, the National Science Foundation (NSF), which has funded Internet research and development for many years, withdrew from the Internet and handed over the management right of NFSnet to the three major private telecommunications companies in the United States (namely, Sprint, MCI and ANS), which was a major turning point in the history of Internet development.
2) application commercialization
With the opening of Internet to commercial applications, it has become an excellent electronic commercial media. Many companies and enterprises regard it not only as an important means of marketing and customer support, but also as a cheap substitute for communication means such as fax and express delivery, so as to keep in touch with customers all over the world and reduce daily operating costs. Such as e-mail, IP phone, network fax and e-commerce. , are the best examples.
3) Internet globalization
Although the Internet has a history of more than 30 years, its early use was mainly limited to scientific research institutions, government agencies and their allies in the United States. It's different now. With the information superhighway plan suitable for the national conditions of all countries, a worldwide information superhighway construction upsurge has rapidly formed, and all countries are accessing the Internet at the fastest speed.
4) Broadband interconnection
With the improvement of network foundation, the adoption of new technologies for users' access, the diversification of access methods and the improvement of service capabilities of operators, the bottleneck problem caused by slow access network speed will be further improved, the Internet access speed will be faster, the bandwidth bottleneck constraint will be eliminated, and the interconnection will inevitably be broadband, thus promoting more applications to be realized online and meeting various network needs of users.
5) Multi-service integrated platform and intelligence.
With the development of information technology, the Internet will become images, sounds and data? Triple play? The multimedia business integration platform integrates e-commerce, e-government, e-government, e-medical treatment and e-teaching. In another ten to twenty years, the internet will gradually take shape, surpassing the influence of newspapers, radio and television? The fourth media? .
To sum up, with the development of telecommunications, television and computers? Triple play? With the strengthening of the trend, the future Internet will be a truly multi-network, multi-service integrated platform and intelligent platform. The future Internet will be a mobile +IP+ broadcast multimedia network world, which can integrate all communication services today, promote the rapid development of new services and bring a revolution to the whole information technology industry.