Second, the political system of Shang Dynasty (former 1600- former 1046) 1, oral administration and foreign service A. Oral administration is Ji Wang, which is the area directly ruled by the king B. Foreign service is the area under the jurisdiction of subordinate countries C. The real power of the king is limited, 2. Theocratic color: through monopoly of theocracy.
Third, the political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty (former 1046- former 77 1)
1, enfeoffment system: ensure the royal family to be strong and distribute clan in-laws and heroes to various places.
1) Content: Zhou Wang: supreme ruler/Hao Jingwang/capital Ji Wang/immediate residents with the same surname: the subject of enfeoffment system/rich land/strategic location/land population 2) Influence: A Zhou people's sphere of influence has been expanding, and B has established the status of co-owner in the world, and the ruling effect has been strengthened. C formed a hierarchical sequence of "Zhou Wang-vassal-Qing, doctor-scholar".
2. Patriarchal system
Purpose-to consolidate the ruling order and solve the contradiction of power, property and land inheritance.
Characteristics-the combination of blood relationship and political relationship
The core-eldest son inheritance system-relatives of large and small clans
Influence-A is not only family rank, but also political subordination. Establish a system of distribution and inheritance to ensure the privilege of Shi Qing Shi Lu. C is conducive to the cohesion of clan forces and the combination of "country" and "home"
3. Rites and music system: the principle of political life, the essence of which is the tool of patriarchal enfeoffment.
The second lesson is the establishment of centralized system
I. Unification of Qin Dynasty (22 1 year ago)
1, condition: a Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the patriarchal clan system has been destroyed, small clans have been frequently replaced by big clans, and the king of Zhou has lost the status of co-owner. The war of annexation led to the gradual annexation of small countries by big countries. B during the warring States period, the new landlords seized power, waiting for competition, and the country reformed.
Second, the establishment of authoritarian centralization.
1, features: highly centralized power: A imperial power is supreme, B throne is hereditary, 2. Central Committee: three public officials and nine Qing officials: the three public officials refer to the prime minister, the imperial censor and Tai Wei, who respectively assist the emperor in handling politics; Supervisory officer; Managing the military, the two cooperate with each other and contain each other. 3. Place: county system. The emperor appointed county officials. There are 4 counties, counties and townships. The system of selecting and evaluating officials. Qin law: meticulous and strict, and severe punishment for misdemeanors.
3. Influence: The formation of centralized political system completely broke the traditional aristocratic enfeoffment system, laid the foundation of the unified dynasty, and had an important influence on China politics for more than 2,000 years.
The third lesson is the struggle between centralization and decentralization
I. Western Han Dynasty
1, the kingdom problem appeared: in the early Western Han Dynasty, counties and countries were parallel.
2. solution: a Han Jing emperor: cutting princes, counterinsurgency, and abolishing power. B Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: set up a Chinese court, set up a secretariat, and set up a pardon order.
3. Impact-Consolidate reunification and promote economic development. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs became autocratic.
Second, the Northern Song Dynasty strengthened centralization.
1. Background: An Shi Rebellion-the separatist regime of the buffer region-the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms-the political reform in the later Zhou Dynasty-the mutiny in Chen Qiao-the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty.
2. Measures: Song Taizu adopts the suggestion of Prime Minister Zhao Pu and strengthens centralization from the perspective of "power, finance and soldiers".
As soon as the elite troops are built, the imperial army is under the strict command of the imperial court, the guard horse army and the guard cloth army, and the right to leave the army belongs to the Privy Council.
B: Cut off the real power: weaken the prime minister, our envoys, counties and officials, set up a chief judge and report directly to the court.
C making money valley: except for a small part of the wealth of counties, the rest are controlled by the central government, eliminating the material foundation of local separatist forces.
3. Impact: A changed the separatist situation in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and B caused the national financial crisis of redundant officials, soldiers and expenses. C the struggle for decentralization between the central and local governments is in the absolute upper hand, and D the contradiction between imperial power and relative power is prominent.
The fourth lesson is the continuous strengthening of autocratic imperial power
Sui and Tang Dynasties: Three Provinces and Six Departments System
1. Operating mechanism: Zhongshu Province-Menxia Province-Shangshu Province-Liubu
2. Influence: A contains and complements each other, and the division of labor is clear, improving efficiency, and B is decentralized, which is conducive to strengthening imperial power.
The Second Song Dynasty: Decentralization: Under the Book-Administration, Privy Council-Military "Expenditure, Salt and Iron, Household Department"-Finance
Third, the Yuan Dynasty: One province was a book province, and the prime minister had too much power.
Fourth Ming dynasty: (1) abolished the prime minister system.
1. Reason: In the early Ming Dynasty, Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang followed the Yuan system, learned lessons from the Yuan Dynasty, controlled relative power and strengthened imperial power.
2. Overview: Kill the Prime Minister Hu, abolish the Chinese book province, abolish the Prime Minister system, and personally take charge of six departments.
3. Impact: 1600 years, the prime minister system was abolished and autocracy developed to a new height.
(B) the evolution of the cabinet
1, Temple University: Ming Taizu was founded because of many affairs after the abolition of the Prime Minister. The product ranks low, only as a consultant, assisting in stamping, and not participating in decision-making. 2. Cabinet establishment: Ming Chengzu was formally established. "Draft Ticket" and "Red Batch"
The fifth Qing dynasty: the establishment of the military department.
1. Background: The Qing Dynasty was established, inherited the system of the Ming Dynasty, and established a cabinet. Military affairs were handled by the king's Council composed of Manchu nobles. 2. Overview: During the Yongzheng period, the military department was set up to handle the northwest military affairs. The authority is constantly expanding and the grade is not high. Private communication is not allowed, and you are on duty day and night, so you can only take notes on your knees. 3. Impact: Simplify government procedures and improve administrative efficiency. B is completely obedient to the emperor, and one person decides major issues. The high development of imperial power has become an important symbol.
Six trends: imperial power is constantly strengthened and relative power is suppressed.
Unit 2 The Political System of Ancient Greece and Rome
Lesson 5 Aegean civilization and ancient Greek city-state system
First, Aegean civilization
1, the symbol of Crete civilization (2000 BC-1700)-the emergence of monarchy, palace architecture, hieroglyphics.
2. The characteristics of Mycenae civilization (1400 BC,12nd century)-a new monarchy appeared, with palaces, tombs and clay tablets engraved with words.
Second, the dark age: 12 century ago, Mycenae civilization was completely destroyed. In the next 300 years, Greece fell into a "dark age"
3. Ancient Greek city-state system (8th century BC-6th century BC) 1, city-state: a form of state, with the city as the center, including surrounding villages. 2. Colonial expansion: one reason: affected by geographical environment, small land and large population. B. impact: promoting commodity production and overseas trade; Absorb advanced cultural achievements; It laid a solid foundation for creating a unique civilization.
3. City-state polity-Features: small country with few people, long-term independent autonomy of each state. Definition of citizen: an adult male member with citizenship and the right to participate in the citizens' assembly. Women, slaves and foreign citizens have no civil rights. Types of government: monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny, democracy and aristocracy.
4. Influence: Citizens of the city-state enjoy full political rights, and Athenian democracy provides valuable experience.
Lesson 6 Democracy in Athens (the birthplace of democracy)
I. Milestones of democracy
1, the beginning of democracy-aristocracy: the principle of equal consultation and the minority obeying the majority was implemented in the first 8-6 centuries. From the tenure system and hereditary system of the monarch to the tenure system and election system of collective leadership. 2. Get on the right track: In the first 594 years, the consul Solon reformed; 3. Establish democracy; In the first 509 years, the civilian Kristini reformed; 4. Complete prosperity: During the reign of Perikles.
2. Democracy in Athens-Basic features: people's sovereignty and taking turns to govern.
A. citizens' assembly: the highest authority, which decides on state affairs. All citizens have the right to participate, know, speak, vote and be elected. The most important procedure is debate, which promotes the worship of knowledge, and there are many university commentators.
B.500-member Committee: a subsidiary body of the citizens' assembly, which is the highest authority when the assembly is not in session. Supervise the administrative officials and implement the resolutions of the General Assembly.
C. People's courts: daily judicial organs, which examine qualifications and avoid bribery and fraud.
Third, the significance and limitations
1, positive: A provides a new form of collective management for mankind. Most people participate and decide to become more democratic.
2. Negative: Non-citizens have no democratic rights; B women have no political rights, which is not democracy in the modern sense. The catalyst of great civilization and the violent machine of social injustice.
Lesson 7 Roman political system and law,
I. From the Republic to the Empire
1, imperial system: at the beginning of the city, it was a small country and an imperial system. 2. Aristocratic Republic A: There are two consuls, with a term of one year and equal powers. Senate b is elected: decision-making body, aristocratic composition, discussion of political affairs. A few people come from the majority C citizens' assembly: civilians participate, and public officials are elected to pass the Senate bill. Tribune: the result of civilian struggle
3. Imperialism (1) Reasons: actively expanding to the outside world, becoming the overlord of the Mediterranean, the Republican principle being abandoned, and gradually moving towards the monarchy (2) Overview: an Octavian-in the first 27 years, the head of state system was adopted. In essence, it is a monarchy in the guise of a republic. Rome entered a stable period of 200 years, which was called "Roman Peace" in history. Diocletian-an open monarchy.
The second is the "Twelve Copper Table Method"
1. Compilation: In the first 452- 45 1 year, at the suggestion of the tribune, ten tables were compiled to serve the interests of the nobility, and two tables were added in the first 450 years. 2. Content: It is basically an unwritten compilation of customary law. Clearly safeguard private property and aristocratic vested interests. 3. Impact: Although A did not bring much benefit to civilians, it was a victory for civilians. B nobles can't explain the origin of customary law at will as in the past. C Roman law is always the basic law of Rome.
Third, the Justinian Code.
1, Formation: After the 3rd century, imperial rulers compiled various laws, and finally formed a Roman law system represented by Justinian Code. Composition: Code, legal introduction, doctrine compilation and new book, collectively called Justinian Civil Code, also known as Justinian Code.
3. Influence: A marks the development of Roman law to a complete stage. B. Ancient laws with the most extensive influence on later generations.
Lesson 8 British gradual institutional innovation
1. Magna Carta 1. Reasons: Weakening the feudal regime and strengthening centralization. 2. Signing: 13C initially restricted the kingship and protected the interests of nobles, knights and citizens. 3. Impact: A system of convening a parliament to decide major issues was formed, limiting the royal power.
Second, the Bill of Rights was promulgated in 1689.
1, Purpose: Restrict kingship 2, Influence: A Establish parliamentary sovereignty, and the kingship's power is restricted by parliament. B Britain established a constitutional monarchy and entered a period of stable development. Parliament and the king rule together, from rule by man to rule by law.
Third, the responsible cabinet,
The formation of 1: After the Glorious Revolution, the King's Cabinet assumed the actual administrative responsibility of 172 1 Robert? Walpole was the first Prime Minister. 2. Responsibilities: All members are collectively responsible for government affairs and advance and retreat politically with the Prime Minister. 3. Bipartisan politics. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, parliamentary elections became the battleground for power struggle between the two major political parties. The majority party that won the election came to power to form a cabinet.
4. The British constitutional monarchy is 1. Features: the responsibility cabinet system is the core, the king is the head of state, the prime minister is the highest executive head, and representative democracy is the foundation. 2. Development: With the deepening of the industrial revolution, the industrial bourgeoisie won more seats in the 1832 election, which ensured the stability of the bourgeois regime.
Lesson 9 The New System of North American Continent
I. Federal Constitution
1. background: the United States is facing new problems (1the United States of America was born in 776). A the loose state of the Confederacy could not form a strong central government to stabilize the ruling order. In order to protect the interests and sovereignty of the country, B needs to establish a centralized government. C strive to ensure a republic among great powers.
2. formulation: 178 1 year Philadelphia constitutional convention.
3 principles: a, the principle of federalism. Establish a strong federal government, including the chief executive and the president; Congress is responsible for federal finance; Establish a federal judicial system, the power is based on the judicial system of each state, but each state retains greater autonomy. B. Principle of separation of powers and checks and balances: separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers C. Principle of democracy: President and members of parliament are elected by the people.
4. Supplement: The former 65,438+00 amendment stipulated some freedoms of citizens.
Second, the federal system.
1. Concept: the central government and the states are decentralized, the state sovereignty belongs to the federation, and the federal law is the supreme law. 2. Challenge: Positive statesmanship led to the American Civil War from 186 1 to 1865. 3. Perfection: Articles 13 and 14 of the Constitution stipulate the abolition of slavery and affirm the supremacy of federal law. 4. Impact: Unity and stability have become the political prerequisite for the rapid economic development of the United States.
Third, bipartisan politics.
1, formation: After Washington, the presidential election was controlled by the ruling and opposition parties, and the Congress formed a confrontation between the two parties.
2. Foundation:1In the mid-9th century, the Democratic Party represented the southern planters, while the Republican Party represented the interests of the northern industrial groups and farmers in the west. After the Civil War, their respective foundations changed.
The arduous journey to the Republic
First, the new republic: Bourbon dynasty-the first republic of France.
1, the French revolution (cause, symbol and significance) 2, the declaration of human rights (time, organization and influence) 3, the constitution of 179 1, establishing a constitutional monarchy and implementing the separation of powers. First Republic of France: 1792- 1804.
2. Tortuous Republic: First French Empire-Second French Empire 1. The evolution of political system: the first French Empire-the restoration of Bo Dynasty-the July Dynasty-the second French Republic-the second French Empire II. The Napoleonic Code established the legal norms of capitalist society.
Three. The Republic was founded-symbol: 1875 Constitution of the Third Republic.
Fourth, safeguard the Republic: in the parliamentary elections, Republicans won, supplemented the Constitution, and prevented the restoration of monarchists.
The road to national unity
First, the reunification of Germany.
1. Reason:1In the middle of the 9th century, German economy was integrated, and feudal regime became an obstacle to economic development.
2. Process: 1864—— 1870. Prussia, under the planning of Prime Minister Bismarck, launched three wars of the Three Dynasties and completed reunification.
Influence: This is a revolution that ended the feudal regime, solved the national unity of Germany, and retained a large number of feudal remnants and militaristic traditions.
Second, the German Empire: 187 1 year, established in the Palace of Versailles, France.
1. Nature: The Constitution of the German Empire stipulates a constitutional monarchy. The imperial parliament is the representative body of the people and is directly elected by universal equality. Although it is cloaked in democracy, it has a strong autocratic color. The emperor and the prime minister really hold the state power. 2. Limitations: strong autocracy and far-reaching influence of militaristic tradition.
Three. Weimar Republic
1, established: 19 19 established a bourgeois republic, and the people enjoyed some bourgeois democratic rights and promulgated the Weimar Constitution.
2. Limitations: The foundation of old imperial autocracy and militarism has not been destroyed, and the social foundation of democratic republic is weak.
3. Outcome: Under the impact of the economic crisis, Hitler established fascist rule.
4. Enlightenment: In a country with far-reaching authoritarian influence like Germany, to truly establish a democratic republic, it is necessary to carry out thorough social changes.
the opium war
The First Opium War (1840- 1842)
1, reason: a root cause: Britain took the lead in completing the industrial revolution, looking for commodity markets and raw materials, and opening the China market by force.
B, Direct Cause: The anti-smoking movement has hit the interests of Britain in China.
2. Result: China was defeated and signed the treaty of nanking: content: five-port trade/cutting Hong Kong Island/agreed tariffs \ in addition-consular jurisdiction/unilateral MFN treatment/residence and land lease privileges.
3. Impact: A. China's sovereignty and territorial integrity were destroyed and it began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. B, the road of independent development was forced to interrupt C, forced to get involved in the capitalist world market. D major changes have taken place in the historical process.
Second, the Second Opium War (1856- 1860)
1. Reason: Western powers expanded their interests in China in order to further open the China market. (2) The request to modify the contract was rejected by the Qing government.
2. Course: 1856, Anglo-French allied forces launched war, 1860 invaded Beijing. Burning Yuanmingyuan, China defeated and made peace.
3. Results: Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty were signed in 1858 and 1860 respectively.
4. Impact: China has lost more sovereignty and territory, and the degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism has further deepened; The power structure of the Qing government changed; Some officials and gentry advocated learning from western "long skills" and demanded that they be as rich as an enemy and launch the Westernization Movement.
taiping rebellion
1. background: invasion of foreign powers-corruption in Qing dynasty-natural disasters in Guangxi-Xiuquan founded religion.
2. Course: jintian uprising-Tianjing and its capital-the Northern Expedition to the West-Tianjing Incident-the fall of Tianjing (marking failure).
Three. Project: China land system (core, influence) and a new chapter of senior ministers (evaluation)
4. Failure: (1) the limitations of the peasant class; (2) Chinese and foreign forces jointly suppressed.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Meaning: (1) The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom persisted in its struggle 14 years, which swept over most of China and had a great influence. (2) It swept away the ruling order of the Qing Dynasty, impacted the Confucian orthodoxy and shook the political foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (3) Expressed the ideal pursuit of the peasant masses-"Tian Chao Tian Mu System" is the highest peak of the peasant movement. (4) Put forward the first capitalist social reform plan in modern China-a new chapter on senior minister.
From the Sino-Japanese War to Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.
I. Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
1. Reason: A. Japan went to capitalism and formed an expansionist policy of invading Korea, seizing northeast China, occupying China and conquering the world. B, the Korean East Learning Party uprising, Japan was involved in the "Korean Reform Case"
2. Process: Battle of Toyoshima-Battle of the Yellow Sea 1894 3. Results: treaty of shimonoseki 1895.
4. Impact: A. treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious unequal treaty after treaty of nanking. The influence of the great powers went deep into the mainland; Seriously hinder the development of national capitalism; The Qing government was forced to borrow heavily. B. Declare the Westernization Movement bankrupt, and the Chinese nation is in a serious crisis. C, greatly stimulate the western powers. "Triple interference" caused the great powers to carve up China. In D, the Qing government began military reform to save the ruling crisis. E. China saves the nation from all walks of life.
Second, the boxer movement.
1, reason: a, imperialist aggression, deepening national crisis. At the end of 19, the struggle against foreign religions developed rapidly. 2. Slogan: "Help clear the ocean" 3. Qing government's policy: repression-appeal-repression 4. Influence: The Boxer Rebellion embodies the spirit of the China people's anti-aggression struggle and combats the arrogance of imperialism; It promoted the reform of the Qing government.
Third, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.
1, reason: a, root cause: imperialism carved up China. Direct cause: suppressing the Boxer Rebellion and safeguarding the interests in China.
2. Process: a. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance, organized by the great powers and led by Seymour of vice admiral, England, invaded Beijing from Tianjin. B Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Guangxu, and issued the "Anti-bandits Act". 3. Results: The "Xin Chou Treaty" was signed in 190 1.
4. Impact: The "Xin Chou Treaty" is a serious unequal treaty, and the huge compensation has aggravated the suffering, and the embassy district has become the base camp for aggression against China.
the Revolution of 1911
I. Background
1 After World War I, Japan's invasion of China accelerated. 19 15 years, Yi proposed to Yuan Shikai twenty-one articles to destroy China. 2. Ethnic conflicts: 19 18 The failure of China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference. 3. The root cause: class contradiction. The dark rule of Beiyang warlords.
Second, the process
1, broke out:1965438+On May 4, 2009, students in Beijing shouted slogans such as "Fight for national rights abroad, punish national thieves at home", "Abolish Article 21", "Be unpatriotic for five minutes" and "Down with traitors Cao Rulin and Lu".
2 climax: The working class entered the historical stage as an independent political force, and the sports center moved from Beijing to Shanghai, and launched the "three strikes" struggle.
The initial victory fired Cao Rulin and He Lu at one time; China refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles; Released the arrested students.
Third, the spirit of the May 4th Movement: patriotism, democracy, science and progress.
Historical significance: The May 4th Movement was a great patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism, and patriotism was the main theme of the May 4th spirit. It is a new cultural movement to spread democracy and science, which embodies the spirit of democracy and science; It is a great ideological emancipation movement, which embodies the spirit of pursuing truth and being brave in liberation; Mar that beginning of the new-democratic revolution.
The birth of Marxism
First, utopian socialism
1. Reason: A. With the development of the industrial revolution, the polarization between the rich and the poor is obvious, and the working class is miserable. B, some thinkers and social reformers think that capitalism is not a just and reasonable society, and put forward plans to transform society, forming a utopian socialist trend of thought.
2. Representative figures: French Saint-Simon and Fourier, British Owen.
3. Proposition: A Saint-Simon advocated the implementation of the industrial system and was "the earliest prophet of industrial society"; B, Fourier and Owen advocated the establishment of cooperative organizations.
Second, the birth of Marxism: published in 1848.
1, content: a, affirming the positive role of capitalism in human history; B, reveal the secret of the inevitable collapse of capitalism; C, announced the historical mission of the working class; D, show the social principles of communism in the future.
2. Significance: It marks the birth of Marxism; Become a sharp ideological weapon of the international proletariat; The workers' movement flourished; It has had a profound impact on human society.
Three. Paris Commune
1 background: internal troubles and foreign invasion 2 nature: new working-class regime 3 measures: a. The commune committee is the highest authority, and the salary of public officials shall not exceed that of skilled workers, and the people can supervise the recall. Safeguard the interests of workers. C. replace religious education with secular education and implement compulsory education.
Significance: The heroic struggle and pioneering spirit set a shining example for the proletariat and progressives in the world.
5. Lessons and enlightenment: after the proletariat seized power, it must thoroughly eliminate the residual forces of the bourgeoisie and prevent the bourgeois forces from fighting back; The proletariat cannot fight alone, but must establish a broad alliance; The proletariat lacks the leadership of a unified and mature Marxist political party. At that time, the capitalist society was on the rise and did not have the objective conditions for the proletariat to carry out the socialist revolution.
Lesson 20 Russian October Socialist Revolution
1. Background: 19 In the 1960s, Russia carried out top-down reforms and promoted industrialization, but it was not thorough; Russia is in a backward position among western powers, with sharp social contradictions; World War I fully exposed the backwardness and decay of Russia and became the weakest link in the imperialist chain.
Second, the process
1, February Revolution: 19 17 At the beginning of this year, workers in Petrograd revolted, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, the Romanov dynasty was overthrown, and the bourgeois provisional government was established. The government continued the war. April Outline: A Lenin pointed out that the proletariat needs to seize political power and realize the socialist revolution. Carry out land reform and quit the war. The policy of armed uprising was established after the bloodshed on July 4. October Revolution: Bolsheviks led an uprising and overthrew the interim government.
Three. The establishment of the first socialist country
1. On behalf of the Second Congress of the Soviet Union, the All-Russian Corps of Engineers announced the transfer of all power to the Corps of Engineers representing the Soviet Union, and established the People's Committee through the Peace Act and the Land Law. 2. In1918, the Soviet regime was generally established throughout the country.
Fourth, significance: This is the first time that mankind has won the socialist revolution. In Beijing
Russia, with underdeveloped economy and culture, got rid of feudal remnants and exploiting classes and established the dictatorship of the proletariat. Point out a new road to liberation for the proletariat and the colonial and semi-colonial people.
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