Power devices are installed on each carriage in a scattered way, so that both traction and passengers can be carried. This kind of bus is called a bullet train. EMU consists of several self-powered vehicles and several unpowered vehicles. Powered vehicles are called motor trains, and unpowered vehicles are called trailer groups. EMU technology originated from subway, which is a kind of power dispersion technology. Under normal circumstances, the ordinary train we take depends on locomotive traction, and the carriage itself has no power, which belongs to power concentration technology. On the other hand, trains with "multiple units" have their own power. When running, both the locomotive drive and the "self-running" make the power dispersed and achieve high-speed effect. As a modern means of transportation suitable for short and medium-distance railway passenger transport, EMU can be divided into many types: EMU and diesel EMU according to transmission type; According to the form of power, it can be divided into centralized power and decentralized power; According to the transmission mode, it can be divided into electric transmission and hydraulic transmission. Because the EMU can be flexibly grouped according to the passenger flow change of a certain line, it can realize the high-density small group departure, which has the advantages of good safety performance, large capacity, no need to turn around when going back and forth, little pollution, energy saving and self-power supply. It is favored by domestic and foreign markets and is known as the "new darling" of transportation in 2 1 century. Generally, diesel multiple units have trains at both ends, and some have passenger rooms. This is the common EMU in China, such as Shenzhou, Sifang, Tangshan, Qicheng and Changke EMUs. EMU is divided into centralized and decentralized, and DDJ 1 and Blue Arrow were centralized two years ago. Spring City and the Star of the Central Plains are scattered. Generally speaking, EMU should be jointly developed by bus manufacturers, users and factories or research institutes.
Emu classification
According to power arrangement: centralization and decentralization.
By use: passenger transport, freight transport (such as M250 in Japan and TGV in France), special use (track inspection, etc.). ).
According to performance: high performance, low performance.
Traction mode
There are two ways to distribute the traction power of EMU, one is called power dispersion, and the other is called power concentration.
The advantage of decentralized EMU is that the power devices are distributed in different positions of the train, which can achieve greater traction and flexible grouping. Because there are more wheelsets with dynamic braking, it has high braking efficiency, good speed regulation performance and large braking deceleration, and is suitable for lines with more speed limit sections. In addition, the traction power failure of one motor car in the train has little effect on the traction index of the whole train. The disadvantages of decentralized EMU are: many traction devices and large total weight. EMU with concentrated power also has its advantages. The power unit is installed in 2 ~ 3 carriages, which is convenient for inspection and maintenance. The total weight of electrical equipment is less than that of emus with dispersed power. The disadvantage of concentrated power arrangement is that the moving axle is heavy, which is not good for the line.
The technical development of EMU is mainly manifested in the improvement of power, speed and comfort, the reduction of unit power weight and the application of electronic technology. In the future, EMU will continue to develop, especially all countries in the world are developing the interchange between suburban railways and underground railways, forming an urban high-speed railway network, in which EMU will play a major role.
Advantages of EMU
Compared with ordinary freight cars pulled by locomotives, EMU has the following advantages:
Both ends of the EMU have cabs. When the train turns around, it is not necessary to unhook the locomotive at one end and then move it to the other end, which greatly speeds up the running speed. At the same time, it also reduces the work of train operators and improves the safety. (The locomotive can also achieve the same effect through push-pull operation. )
EMU can be easily combined to grow different short trains. In some places, the EMUs will be arranged in a row first, and then divided into several sections at the midway station, which will go to different destinations respectively.
The following advantages of EMU with decentralized power are particularly obvious:
High power efficiency; Especially on slopes. The weight of the EMU freight car is placed on each power wheel, and it will not be a useless load dragged behind the locomotive.
By the same token, the power shaft on the EMU has lower requirements for rail attachment, and the load on each shaft is also smaller. Therefore, the selection of EMU high-speed railway lines has low requirements for the civil engineering and track.
EMU has many motors and good regenerative braking ability. This advantage is especially obvious for suburban commuter railways and underground railways with more stops.
Because the EMU runs fast and occupies a small area, many commuter railways running in suburbs are EMU. Almost all light rails and subways use emus.
The History and Development of European Monetary Union
The proportion of using motor trains is the largest in Japan, accounting for 87%; The Netherlands and Britain followed closely, accounting for 83% and 61%respectively; France and Germany followed closely, accounting for 22% and 12% respectively. EMU is a new force in railway passenger transport.
Germany is the first country to manufacture and use motor trains, and its manufacturing technology has always been leading. 1On July 8th, 903, the first EMU was put into operation, which was made up of four motor cars and two trailers. In August of the same year 14, the OCS EMU was put into operation, which was the first single-phase AC EMU in the world. In the same year1October 28th, 10, the three-phase AC electric vehicle manufactured by Siemens was tested at high speed, setting a historical record of 210.2 km/h. ..
Common emus include Japan Shinkansen, Germany ICE, France TGV, Eurostar, Sweden X2000, American ACELA, China Blue Arrow, Central Plains Star, China Star, New Dawn, Hong Kong KTT…… ... ...
Since 1998, the first commercial EMU was put into operation in Nanchang Railway Bureau, dozens of EMUs have been running on the national Wan Li railway line, which has become a beautiful scenery for railway transportation. As a senior railway expert said, the operation of EMU not only adds a new mode of railway transportation for short-distance passenger transport in China, but also brings new vitality to railway transportation. Although the EMU has not been put into commercial operation in China for a long time, its good development prospect has been generally optimistic at home and abroad. Foreign experience shows that in addition to medium and long-distance transportation, the role of railway passenger transport in medium and short-distance transportation, suburbs of big cities and between big cities and satellite cities can not be ignored. With the continuous development of China's urbanization process and the continuous improvement of urbanization level, the number of cities will not only increase, but also the scale of cities will continue to expand, and the future intercity passenger transport market has great potential. In the urban transportation system, rail transit has attracted more and more attention because of its advantages of saving land, large volume, high speed, energy saving and emission reduction, economical operation and good safety.
According to experts' prediction, the future urban rail transit will be composed of "subway+light rail+suburban EMU" mode, forming a three-dimensional traffic network with internal and external diversion. In other words, subway traffic is used in urban areas, light rail is used in areas with relatively small population, and EMU is used in the surrounding areas and suburbs of cities. The advantages of this combination are: the subway car has a large flow and can quickly evacuate people in dense areas; Light rail vehicles have flexible running time and can flexibly cope with uncertain passenger flow; The travel distance in the suburbs increases, and the faster EMU can greatly shorten the travel time.
Technology of EMU in China
1. We have mastered the advanced and mature railway rolling stock manufacturing technology in the world. Alstom of France, Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Japan, Bombardier of Canada, Siemens of Germany, GE and EMD of the United States are all world-famous railway technology and equipment manufacturers. They have world-class design and manufacturing technologies for EMUs with speeds of 200 km/h and above and high-power electric and diesel locomotives. Through hard work, we successfully realized the transfer and introduction of these technologies, which made China's railway equipment technology rank among the world's advanced ranks at once.
2. The core technologies of EMU and high-power locomotive have been owned by me. Core technologies of high-speed EMU assembly, car body, bogie, traction converter, traction control, traction transformer, traction motor, train network control and braking system, core technologies of high-power electric locomotive assembly, car body, bogie, main transformer, network control, main converter, driving device, traction motor and braking system, core technologies of high-power diesel locomotive diesel engine, main and auxiliary generators and AC drive control, and a large number of supporting technologies. The localization rate of EMUs and high-power locomotives with a speed of 200 kilometers per hour and above produced by these technologies can reach over 70%.
3. Low-cost introduction has been achieved. The price of the imported EMU and high-power locomotive technology is much lower than that of other countries. EMU is 14% lower than Spain and 20% lower than Korea. The market price of 6-axle high-power locomotives is 44% lower than that of similar products in Europe. The reason why we can achieve such high cost performance is that we make full use of the huge market advantage of China Railway and the joint advantages of domestic enterprises under the leadership of the Ministry of Railways, and adopt flexible negotiation strategies to maximize national interests.
4. Accelerate the modernization of China locomotive and rolling stock manufacturing industry. In this large-scale technology introduction, more than 10 domestic key manufacturers of rolling stock and hundreds of surrounding enterprises directly benefited, achieving a leap in the manufacturing level of rolling stock, enhancing market competitiveness and effectively promoting the development and growth of relevant national industries in China. Among these key manufacturing enterprises, Changchun Railway Passenger Car Co., Ltd. acquired the technology of Alstom and manufactured CRH5 EMU. Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. obtained technology from Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Japan to manufacture CRH2 EMU; Qingdao BSP Company obtained technology from Bombardier Company of Canada to manufacture CRH 1 EMU. Tangshan Locomotive & Rolling Stock Factory obtained the technology of manufacturing CRH3 EMU from Siemens of Germany. Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Company accepts the technology of Toshiba Company of Japan and EMD Company of the United States to produce Harmony high-power electric locomotive and Harmony high-power diesel locomotive; Datong Electric Locomotive Company obtained technology from Alstom Company to produce harmonious 2D high-power electric locomotives. Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd. obtained technology from Siemens of Germany to produce harmonious 2Z high-power electric locomotives. Qishuyan Locomotive & Rolling Stock Factory imported technology from American GE Company to produce harmonious high-power diesel locomotives. Yongji Electric Machine Factory, Zhuzhou Locomotive & Rolling Stock Research Institute and Railway Research Institute have also obtained advanced key technologies such as traction motor, traction and auxiliary converter, traction control system, and formed a new railway locomotive & rolling stock manufacturing industrial cluster in China.
Fifth, important progress has been made in re-innovation work. In terms of EMUs, we will fully promote independent innovations such as large EMUs and sleeper EMUs. At the same time, on the technical platform with a speed of 200 kilometers per hour, the self-developed 300-kilometer-per-hour EMU will soon be off the assembly line and put into use on passenger dedicated lines such as Beijing-Tianjin, Wuhan-Guangzhou and Beijing-Shanghai, which will become the main type of high-speed passenger transport in China in the future. As for high-power locomotives, on the technical platform of 6-axle total power of 7,200 kW, the independent innovation of integrated technology of traction converter, traction motor, car body, bogie and vehicle is being organized and implemented, and the total power of locomotives can be increased to 9,600 kW, becoming the main type of traction freight trains in the future.
EMU Management in China
According to the provisions of Article 1 46-149 of Railway Technical Management Regulations (April 20071Edition) issued by the Ministry of Railways of People's Republic of China (PRC), the explanation is as follows:
EMU is divided into diesel EMU and electric EMU according to traction power. According to the power configuration mode, it is divided into power centralized EMU and power decentralized EMU.
EMU should have identification marks: road emblem, short name of designated section, vehicle model, car number, staffing, name and date of the manufacturer with the highest running speed. EMU running in electrified section shall be marked with the words "No climbing in electrified section".
EMU should be regularly overhauled according to the running kilometers, and the overhaul period and technical standards should be implemented according to the maintenance regulations of the Ministry of Railways.
EMU should have a special maintenance operation base to inspect, repair and clean bogies, off-board equipment, on-board and roof equipment according to the equipment maintenance depot, temporary maintenance depot and the depot line where EMU stops and corresponding equipment.
The preparation, cleaning and pollution discharge of the daily operation of the EMU are completed at the operation base.
The sixth speed increase of the railway
The sixth railway speed-up map adjustment was officially implemented at 0: 00 on April 18. This large-scale speed-up surveying and mapping, both in breadth and depth, is unmatched by previous speed-up surveying and mapping. On the basis of the gradual improvement of the railway transport capacity of the previous five speed-up and map-adjustment, the passenger and freight transport capacity of this speed-up and map-adjustment will be increased by more than 18% and 12% respectively, especially the operation of main trunk lines, 5,000-ton freight trains and the introduction of a large number of advanced technology and equipment, which indicates that the speed-up level of existing railways in China has entered the advanced ranks in the world. This is an important milestone in the history of China's railway development, which will have a positive impact on promoting China's railway modernization and promoting the sound and rapid development of the national economy.
china railway high speed
The name of the EMU put into operation at the sixth speed increase of China Railway is "Harmony". CRH, formerly known as CRH series, is the abbreviation of China Railway Expressway. At present, there are several models of CRH 1 ~ CRH5. These models have introduced advanced technologies from Japan, Germany, France and other countries, and after digestion, absorption and localization, they have become a series of EMU products with independent intellectual property rights in China. Zhang Shuguang, deputy chief engineer of the Ministry of Railways and director of the Transportation Bureau, said that several factors were mainly considered when thinking about the name: First, the harmony between man and nature. EMU is a kind of high-tech locomotive which is energy-saving and environmentally friendly and has little impact on the environment. Another, it is a kind of technical coordination in itself. At present, this industrial chain in China is about 12 provinces, with more than 120 enterprises directly involved, so it is the product of harmony between people, the crystallization of harmony and technology. Finally, it is also a beautiful sustenance for us railway people.
The working mode of the crew of the new EMU has also changed greatly. There is only one conductor (conductor), one flight attendant (conductor), two caterers and two cleaners on the train, so the crew work requires more efficient and orderly. 18 train Harmony departs. The first high-speed operation of the new train not only has a great impact on the passengers on the Harmony train, but also puts forward some precautions for the passengers on the ordinary train.
First, there is a special ticket window, waiting room, passage and platform for taking the Harmony train. Therefore, whether you buy tickets for the Harmony train or take the Harmony train, you should go to a special window or other special places, and don't miss the ride.
Second, get on and off early to prepare. "Harmony" train is a high-speed train set, with a short stopover at the station. Generally, it stops in the provincial capital city for 2 minutes, and stops in other cities 1 minute. Passengers should get ready as soon as possible and get on and off in time. But the passengers on the train don't have to worry. The train started at high speed before all the bodies entered the carriage. Because the train will only start after the passengers have completely entered the carriage and the automatic doors of the train have been completely closed.
Third, no smoking. For the sake of health and safety, although some trains have designed special smoking carriages, most railway bureaus, including Jinan Railway Bureau and Shanghai Railway Bureau, prohibit passengers from smoking on Harmony train. Considering that the stop time of the train is too short, the railway department reminds passengers not to smoke on the platform to avoid missing the train.
Fourth, the use of equipment has long been known. Harmony has 1 broken window hammer and escape window at four corners of each car. In case of emergency, passengers can open the rubber cover and rubber buckle on the broken window hammer, pull it up and out, and break the first window next to the broken window hammer with a hammer to escape. In addition, the multi-function hall located in car No.7 is only used for emergency under special circumstances such as passengers' illness, and it is not allowed to enter or be used for other purposes at other times.
Fifth, it is dangerous to throw debris out of the window. Because the "Harmony" train is fully enclosed, it is mainly aimed at other train passengers. Although the window of Harmony train is made of special material, it is generally not easy to be shattered. Even if it is broken after being attacked by near-earth objects such as birds and gravel, it will generally not scratch passengers' hands and feet. However, once Harmony meets an ordinary train and is hit by heavy objects such as beer bottles and iron bars thrown by the ordinary train, passengers on both trains may be injured. Passengers should take the initiative to put garbage and discarded sundries into the trash can or give them to the flight attendants, and do not throw sundries out of the window.
Sixth, new cars run, and some old cars stop running. With the opening of Harmony train and the sixth national railway speed increase, some old trains either changed their stop time or place because of speed increase, or stopped because of new replacement trains or lack of competitiveness. Therefore, before passengers travel by train after 18, they must know the new departure time, stops and other related matters in detail.
There are supplementary matters:
The ticket was bought in a different place, so you can't get on the bus with a platform ticket, and there is no replacement ticket on the bus. Buy EMU tickets on the same day and purchase them in the special service area of EMU; If you buy EMU tickets in advance, you need to go to the ticket hall of the railway station to buy them. At the same time, EMU trains are strictly prohibited from being overloaded. Tickets and seats are one to one. Train tickets are not sold on the train, and you can't get on the train with platform tickets. This means that in the past, buying a platform ticket to get on the train and then making up the ticket on the train was not feasible on the EMU.
EMU tickets are valid on the same day. Because of its high speed and short ride time, the validity period of EMU train tickets is different from other train tickets. EMU train tickets are valid on the same day, and other train tickets are valid from the designated boarding date to 24: 00 on the last day of validity. In addition, EMU trains have strict requirements for luggage. The sum of the length, width and height of passenger luggage shall not exceed 130 cm, and other trains shall not exceed 160 cm.
The specific fare of high-speed EMU is determined by the railway bureaus themselves, and the Ministry of Railways only stipulates the lower limit of fare discount, such as not less than 60% of the published fare. On the first day of EMU operation, the train fares of D-prefix EMUs from Shanghai to Beijing and Harbin to Beijing. It is equivalent to 7.3% of the published fare.
EMU offers different preferential rates to special groups, and students only sell second-class tickets. Student tickets, EMU trains only sell second-class seats, and the fare is 75% of the full price. In addition, disabled soldiers can enjoy a 50% discount for people's policemen who are disabled by revolutionary disabled soldiers' certificates and people's policemen's disability pension certificates when travelling on EMU trains. Children are like other trains. Children between 1. 1 and 1.4 meters enjoy half price. Each adult passenger can bring a child with a height of no more than 1. 1 m for free. If there is more than one ticket, buy a child ticket.
The fare announced now is the relevant fare policy formulated by the Ministry of Railways according to the former State Planning Commission 1997. The fare of second-class passenger trains in medium and long-distance sections is generally based on the hard sleeper fare of newly air-conditioned passenger trains, and the first-class passenger trains can rise by 25%. The fare announced by each EMU is actually the highest limit. In the process of implementation, the railway bureaus can discount fares according to market conditions in different seasons, different sections and different times.
EMU tickets can be changed, and the delay in boarding time should be within the pre-sale period of station ticket sales. Passengers with pass tickets need to pay the difference between the EMU train fare and the original ticket fare when they want to transfer to the EMU train at the transfer station.
The 300 km/h EMU leaves at the end of the year.
On the technical platform with a speed of 200 kilometers per hour, China has independently innovated and developed the EMU with a speed of 300 kilometers per hour. At the end of this year, the first domestically produced EMU with a speed of 300 kilometers per hour will come out.
The localization rate of these 300 km/h EMUs will reach more than 80%, and they will be put into use in Beijing-Tianjin, Wuhan-Guangzhou, Beijing-Shanghai and other passenger dedicated lines in the future, becoming the main models of high-speed passenger transport in China. China will also develop tilting EMUs with a speed of 250 kilometers per hour, long sleeper EMUs with a speed of 250 kilometers per hour and special EMUs, and develop ultra-high-speed EMUs with a speed of 350 kilometers per hour. ..
Changchun Railway Passenger Car Co., Ltd. recently signed an EDI double-deck railway passenger car project with Australian EDI Railway Company, with a total contract amount of 3 1 10,000 USD. This is by far the largest export project of China's locomotive and rolling stock industry, and it also marks that China's locomotive and rolling stock will enter the ranks of developed countries for the first time.
It is predicted that there will be 700 sets of EMU trains in China in 20 10.