2. the theory of creating the universe

Three aliens said

4 and the essence theory.

The process of evolution from inorganic substances to primitive life on the primitive earth. It is generally believed that life is an advanced form of material movement, which is based on the laws of physical chemistry, but it cannot be completely attributed to the laws of physical chemistry. The material basis of life is a complex and orderly multi-molecular open system dominated by nucleic acid and protein, which shows the characteristics of metabolism, self-replication, growth and development, self-regulation, genetic variation and response to stimuli. It did not appear until the earth developed to a certain stage.

There are different views on the origin of life in history. In addition to the creationism that "life is created by God or God", there are autogenesis, life, cosmic embryo and chemical evolution. (1) autogenesis theory. It is believed that living things can be produced by non-living things at any time, such as the so-called "rotten meat makes worms, and fish makes moths." This view has been rejected by scientific experiments. ② Theory of life and death. People think that living things can't be produced naturally, but only by their parents. This view does not answer the question "Where did the earliest creatures come from?". . (3) The theory of cosmic embryo species. It is believed that primitive creatures on the earth came from other planets or cosmic embryos, and they could reach the earth through light pressure, meteorites or other vehicles. This view lacks convincing evidence and cannot explain how the earliest embryonic species originated. ④ Theory of chemical evolution. It is believed that under the condition of primitive earth, inorganic substances can be transformed into organic substances, and organic substances can develop into biomacromolecules and multimolecular systems until primitive life is formed. This view is more in line with scientific facts. The theory of chemical evolution was first put forward by Soviet scholar A.I. Obalin (1924) and British scholar J.B.S Haldane (1929), and it has been confirmed by more and more scientific facts. Although some key problems (such as genetics and the origin of biofilm) have not been solved, the general process of the origin of life has been outlined.

The basic process of chemical evolution ① Small organic molecules are produced by inorganic substances. The atmosphere of primitive earth is a reducing atmosphere without free oxygen, including H2, NH3, CH4 and H2O. Under the action of ultraviolet rays, sky discharge, cosmic rays and other energy sources, they can synthesize small organic molecules such as amino acids, which has been fully confirmed by experiments. In 1985, 66 kinds of interstellar molecules have been found, among which there are a lot of formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). 1On September 28th, 969, the meteorite falling in mcpherson Town, southeast Australia was found to contain 18 kinds of amino acids, several of which exist in organisms. These facts show that it is not only possible for the primitive atmosphere to generate small organic molecules from inorganic substances, but this process still exists in space. ② Synthesis of biological macromolecules. It can be inferred that small organic molecules (monomers) washed into the primitive ocean by rainwater can form biomacromolecules (polymers) such as protein and nucleic acid through interaction. This step has also been proved by experiments. (3) The appearance of multi-molecular system. Biological macromolecules must form a system and a boundary membrane, which can be obviously isolated from the surrounding environment and further evolved. There are two experimental models to study multi-molecular systems. One is the gross model, which was put forward by Obalin. At first, oberlin mixed gelatin aqueous solution with Arabic gum aqueous solution, and saw countless droplets under the microscope, which were called aggregates. Later, it was found that protein mixed with sugar, protein mixed with protein, and protein mixed with nucleic acid aqueous solution may form aggregates. Obalin added phosphorylase and amylase to the solution containing histone and Arabic gum, and the two enzymes were concentrated in the aggregate. Then glucose-1- phosphoric acid is added to the solution, which will enter the droplet and be polymerized into starch by phosphorylase, and then the starch will be decomposed into maltose by amylase, and maltose and phosphoric acid will diffuse back into the surrounding solution together. This model attracts people's attention because it can simulate the simplest synthesis and decomposition. The other is the microsphere model, which was proposed by S.W. Fox and others. They mixed various amino acids and heated them to 170℃. After a few hours, some substances with protein characteristics are generated, which are called protein-like substances. When the protein-like protein composed of acidic amino acids is cooled in dilute salt solution, countless microspheres can be observed under the microscope. The microspheres have a double-layer membrane, are relatively stable, shrink in hypertonic solution, swell in hypotonic solution, can propagate by budding and splitting, and show enzymatic activities such as hydrolysis, decarboxylation, amination, deamination and redox. Moreover, protein is made of 20 kinds of natural amino acids, which simulates the dry and hot conditions of the primitive earth, and it is more than the ready-made substances (such as gelatin and Arabic gum) gathered from organisms. ④ Evolved from a multi-molecular system to primitive life. This is the most critical step in the origin of life. There are two important problems to be solved here: how biofilm is produced and how genetic devices originated. There is no experimental model to explain these two problems, and only some indirect data are used to speculate. It is conceivable that the primitive ocean was originally a multi-molecular system of various components, and later it did not adapt to the collapse of the environment. Keep what is suitable for the environment. After such natural selection, the multimolecular system based on protein and nucleic acid was finally preserved and developed. Once biofilm and genetic device were formed, primitive life was born. If these two problems can be clarified through experiments, then the problem of evolution from multi-molecular system to primitive cell will be easier to solve.

Fossil records show that the age of the earth is about 4.6 billion years. During the period of 1980, Australian scholar D.I. groves and others discovered some filamentous microfossils in the flint stratum 3.5 billion years ago in Northpole, western Oceania, indicating that life appeared on the earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. The time of chemical evolution may be less than 654.38+002 billion years. It has been proved that there is no life on other planets in the solar system except the earth. But the solar system is only a small member of the whole universe. Some astronomers estimate that there are about 10 sun-like stars and at least 10 living planets in the universe. In addition, in the right place, interstellar molecules may evolve into life through chemical evolution. So we can't rule out the possibility of life on other celestial bodies.