Qin Shihuang (259 BC-265438 BC+00 BC) was named Zheng, the son of Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang. Because he was born in Zhao, he is also called Zhao Zheng. 13 years old, king. At the age of 39, he unified China, established the Qin Dynasty, and became emperor. He was the first emperor of China. In the third year of King Zhuang Xiang (247 BC), King Zhuang Xiang died, and he acceded to the throne as King Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guan Zhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that the king of Qin was old, he dedicated false eunuch Laoyi to the Queen Mother. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, and false eunuch Laoyi also claimed to be Wang Fu, so he sealed a long letter and collected his henchmen. In 238 BC, Lao Ai attempted to launch a coup and usurp the State of Qin. However, Lao Ai's rebellion was put down by Qin, and then he was dismissed from his post. Although he listened to the noble of Qin and sent all the diners from the six countries, he was dissuaded by Li Si's exhortation to expel the guests and appointed Wei Liaozi, Li Si and others. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, they adopted the strategy of crossing far and attacking near, dividing and ruling, 17 destroyed Korea, 18 destroyed Zhao, 22 destroyed Wei, 23 destroyed Chu, 25 destroyed Yan and 26 destroyed Qi. Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Empire, was established. Claiming to be "Huang San, a noble and respected five emperors", he created the title of "Emperor" and claimed to be the first emperor, and announced that future generations would be called II and III, and even passed down from generation to generation. In addition, Ying Zheng thought that posthumous title was "the son is the father, and the minister is the king", which was greatly inappropriate, so he abolished it and changed the number of people in the world. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he took a series of important measures to strengthen his rule over the empire: unified measurement based on the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang; Based on the common characters of Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to simplify, formulate characters, promulgate and unify them nationwide. Abolish the common currency of the six countries, unify the currency used, and use Qin "half Liang" money as the circulation currency; On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. He abolished the enfeoffment system since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, implemented the county system and established a whole set of bureaucracy from the central government to the counties. Meng Tian was sent to attack the Huns and connected with the Great Wall built by other countries during the Warring States Period to form the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li. The development of South Vietnam made the territory of China include Guangdong and Guangxi today, and even extended to northern Vietnam today. Making China the largest empire in the world at that time. In order to control the people and strengthen autocratic rule, Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion and took the following measures: shifting wealth. Ordered rich people from all over the country to move to Xianyang to facilitate surveillance. Drop your weapon. In order to prevent the people from rebelling, they ordered the confiscation of folk weapons and transported them to Xianyang. Together with Jiuding, twelve bronze men and many big clocks were cast. Burn books and bury Confucianism. In order to curb people's thoughts and accept Li Si's suggestion, all historical books, agricultural books, divination books and medical books except Qin Shi were ordered to be burned, and all the classics and hundreds of classics collected by the people and scholars in the country were also burned by the government, which is called "burning books". Because the people and scholars are dissatisfied, the speech is flying all over the sky. There are two alchemists (people who seek immortality and refine the elixir) named Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng, who speak ill of Qin Shihuang behind his back. When Qin Shihuang learned about it, he sent someone to catch them. They had already escaped. Qin Shihuang was greatly annoyed and found that some Confucian scholars in Xianyang also talked about him together. Qin Shihuang arrested those Confucian scholars for interrogation. Confucian scholars can't stand the torture and give up many people casually. Qin Shihuang ordered more than 460 people to be arrested, taken to Lishan Valley and killed, that is, buried alive. Because most of these people are Confucian scholars, they are called "pit Confucianism" by later generations. The rest of the banned Confucian scholars were exiled to the border. After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang immediately built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li, and made five large-scale cruises, carving stones everywhere to show off his prestige. In order to seek the medicine of immortality, it is expensive to send the government to lead thousands of boys and girls across the East China Sea to seek immortality. ('Chu Tie' means that Xu Fu and the boys and girls will never return after they arrive at their destination (that is, today's book), and Japanese minister Qin Shi is their offspring. However, we can see from the Historical Records and the History of the Three Kingdoms that this statement did not appear before the Eastern Han Dynasty. As for Xu Fu's Emperor Jimmu Theory, there is no literature to test except the age difference. Later generations thought that Qin Shihuang was overjoyed and tyrannical, and the people were miserable under his rule. In the process of Qin Shihuang's unification of the six countries, Jing Ke, an assassin sent by Yan State, assassinated Qin Shihuang, but he failed and was executed instead. After the establishment of the Qin Empire, Sean, a famous Korean family, assassinated Qin Shihuang in Bolangsha, but failed. In the thirty-seventh year (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang returned to the plain and fell ill. Going to the sand dunes (now northwest of Guangzong, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang died of illness. Zhao Gao colluded with Qin Shihuang's youngest sons, Hu Hai and Reese, forged testamentary edict and made Hu Hai Prince of Qin Ershi. And gave the prince the death penalty. Since ancient times, the evaluation of Qin Shihuang has been mixed. He was the first emperor in China, the founder of the emperor's honorific title and the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of centralized monarchy.