Primitive ballads are the ancient source of China literature.
In ancient China, music was regarded as songs and songs as ballads.
Ancient ballads are an important tool for ancestors to express their thoughts, feelings and promote production. They came into being in primitive times with extremely low productivity, and they are the earliest literary styles.
According to the theme, it can be divided into labor ballads, sacrifice ballads, totem ballads, marriage ballads, war ballads and so on.
They are collective, comprehensive and direct in reproducing life, with simple words and smooth rhythm.
2. Myths and legends
It is mainly preserved in Shan Hai Jing, Huai Nan Zi and Chu Ci.
◆ Open the myth (creation myth)
Pangu created the goddess of mending the sky.
◆ Natural myth
Jingwei reclamation, Kuafu day by day.
◆ Heroic myth
After fighting the flood, Yu Yu was shot at the sun.
The difference between myth and legend:
(1) Myth precedes legend;
(2) Myth is the prototype of legend, and legend is the social historization of myth;
(3) Myths are obviously irrational and supernatural, while legends contain human codes of conduct;
In fact, in every myth system, myths and legends often coexist.
Second, The Book of Songs
1. Introduction to The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs is the beginning of China's ancient poems and the earliest collection of realistic poems.
Collected 3 1 1 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, among which 6 poems are full of poems, that is, there are only titles but no contents.
It reflects the social outlook of about 500 years from the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Zhou Dynasty.
The pre-Qin period was called "Poetry" and "Poetry 300", and the Western Han period was called "The Book of Songs".
2. Six meanings of The Book of Songs: (1) Three categories of songs of songs are the names of musical tunes.
Wind: There are 15 local ballads in the Zhou Dynasty, totaling 160. The Soul of The Book of Songs
Elegance: Zhou people seriously divided elegance into elegance and elegance, with a total of 105 articles, including elegance 3 1 article; Xiaoya's 74 articles.
Ode: the music songs used by Zhou, Zhou and noble ancestral temples for sacrifice, which are divided into, and Shang songs. A total of 40 articles. (2) Fu Bi Xing is the three basic artistic techniques in The Book of Songs.
"Fu": an outspoken person;
"comparison": compare this thing with another thing;
"Xing": Say something else first, so that the words can be sung.
3. The artistic features of The Book of Songs:
Syntactically, four characters are dominant and miscellaneous words;
Structurally, it often takes the form of repeated chapters and sentences. Only a few words are changed in each chapter, which has a tortuous artistic effect;
Linguistically, it is accurate, beautiful and full of images, and often uses double-tone rhyming and overlapping words. Some sentences rhyme, some rhyme every other sentence, some rhyme to the end, and some rhyme to the middle. The rhyme rules of modern poetry are almost all in the Book of Songs.
In terms of techniques, the successful application of Fu, Bi and Xing is an important reason for the strong local flavor of folk songs in The Book of Songs.
Content, multi-purpose scenery description, play a role in setting off the characters.
On the theme, the creative characteristics of realism laid the tradition of China's poems facing reality.
4. The Book of Songs
National wind: Guan Ju and Yao Tao in Nan Zhou; Wei Fengzhong's Cutting Tan and Storytelling; Qin Feng's Jiaxu
Elegance: the king of literature, people's labor,
Xiaoya: With Cai Wei.
Ode: Qing palace, the fate of Xi Xi.
Third, Chu Ci.
1. Brief introduction of Qu Yuan
Poets and politicians of Chu State during the Warring States Period. Sink into the Miluo River and die. He is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China, the founder of China's romantic literature, the founder and representative writer of Chuci, and has created the tradition of "vanilla beauty", and is known as "the father of Ci Fu" and "the father of China's poetry".
The appearance of Qu Yuan's works indicates that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to individual originality. His main works are Li Sao, Nine Songs, Nine Chapters and Tian Wen.
2. Introduction to Songs of the South
Chu Ci is China's first collection of romantic poems.
Poems by Qu Yuan, Song Yu, Wang Bo and Jia Yi. Included, total 17. It was compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty on the basis of predecessors. Because it uses Chu's literary style, dialect rhyme, local products and so on, it has a strong local color, so it is named Chu Ci.
3. Common sense of Chu Ci
① Masterpieces: Qu Yuan's Li Sao, Tian Wen and Jiu Ge; Song Yu's Phoenix House, etc.
② Li Sao is the first political lyric poem in the history of China.
(3) The Songs of Chu and The Book of Songs together constitute the source of China's ancient poetry history.
(4) "Sao" and "national style" in The Book of Songs, and "Li Sao" in Chu Ci.
4. The basic characteristics of Chu Ci
Poetic style, ostentation and extravagance and rich imagination are the common characteristics of Chu Ci. His works are full of romance, such as Li Sao and Nine Songs.
(2) In terms of style, compared with The Book of Songs, the length of Chuci has increased, and the sentence pattern has changed from four words to long and short layout. Uneven levels expand the capacity and enrich the content of the poem.
(3) Linguistically, Chu dialects and Chu sounds are often used, which have strong local colors. A large number of dialect words appear, and commonly used auXiliary words are "xi" and "you".
4 structurally, the structure is generally grand and the length is generally long.
Fourth, pre-Qin prose.
1. Shangshu
(1) Shangshu is China's first collection of historical essays.
(2) The earliest book is called Book, which was written in the first five centuries. Legend has it that Shangshu was handed down by Fu Sheng.
(3) "Shang" means "Shang". Shangshu is an ancient book, a compilation of China's ancient historical documents and some works tracing back ancient deeds.
2. Spring and Autumn Annals
Chunqiu is the first chronological history book in China. Confucius revised and recorded the events from Lu Yingong to Ai Lu for more than 240 years. The language used in the notes is extremely concise, but almost every sentence implies the meaning of praise and criticism, which is called "Spring and Autumn brushwork" and "speaking lightly of righteousness" by later generations.
3. Zuo Zhuan
(1) Also known as Zuo Chunqiu, Chunqiu Zuoshi Biography and Chunqiu Neizhuan.
(2) Zuo Zhuan is the earliest chronicle work with detailed narration in ancient China and the first large-scale narrative work of China. According to legend, it was written by Zuo Qiuming to annotate Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals, so it is important to remember.
(3) Three biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period: Zuo's Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period, Ram Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period, and Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period.
(4) Text from Zuo Zhuan: Caution Qin with the power of candle.
(5) The narrative features of Zuo Zhuan.
He is good at describing major events, often highlighting a center and writing the context of historical events around the center.
(2) Be good at combining historical facts with myths and legends and historical rumors to make historical stories narrative.
(3) Good at describing murders, coups, assassinations and other events.
(4) Being good at describing war is not limited to describing the process of engagement, but deeply revealing the causes, brewing process and consequences of war.
He is good at narrating and writing people, describing them in many details, which is very vivid. For example, after the Battle of Kans, Duke Xiang of Jin released Qin Sanshuai, and the Marshal was furious and denounced, showing his foresight and bad temper.
⑥ Zuo Zhuan is the most narrative in pre-Qin prose, which indicates the maturity of China's narrative prose. On the basis of the chronicle of Spring and Autumn Annals, a large number of historical facts and legends have been added, and colorful historical events and various historical figures have been described. Develop the short notes in Spring and Autumn Annals into complete narrative prose.
4. "Mandarin"
Guoyu is the earliest national style work in China, also known as biography in the Spring and Autumn Period. It records the history of the royal family of Zhou Dynasty and the vassal states of Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu and Yue. In the 12th year of Zhou Muwang (990 BC), the Western Expedition (about 947 BC), and Zhibo was destroyed (453 BC). Including courtship, banquets, satire, arguments, responses and some historical events and legends among nobles in various countries. Legend has it that it was written by Zuo Qiuming, a native of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. For example, the Cao Gui debate.
5. Warring States policy
The Warring States Policy is a national historical work, also known as the national policy. Chronicles began in the early years of the Warring States and ended in the destruction of six countries by Qin, with a history of about 240 years. It mainly describes the political opinions and words and deeds strategies of lobbyists in the Warring States period, which can also be said to be a practical training manual for lobbyists. Warring States policy text: Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin, Zou Ji satirized the king of Qi.
6. Confucianism
(1) Kong Mengxun
(Confucius and Mencius: the collective name of Confucius and Mencius)
(1) Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, was called "the most holy" by later generations, and the core of his thought was "benevolence" and "ceremony". Put forward "the benevolent loves others", "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "rule the country by virtue".
(2) Mencius was an important representative of Confucianism in the mid-Warring States period, and was later called "Yasheng". The core idea is "benevolent politics", which advocates "politics wins the people", people-oriented thought and opposes tyranny. Advocate the theory of good nature.
(3) Xunzi inherited and developed the early Confucian thought of "rites and music", absorbed the legalist thought of rule of law, and advocated paying equal attention to etiquette and law, while Wang Ba advocated the theory of evil nature.
7. Mohist thought
Mozi, who is Zhai D? Mozi, the founder of Mohism, was a famous thinker, educator, scientist and strategist in the Warring States period. Mozi is the only philosopher born as a farmer in the history of China, and he is also called an "outstanding scholar" with Confucianism. He put forward the viewpoints of "universal love", "non-aggression", "Shang Xian", "Shang Tong", "Ming ghost", "non-birth", "festival burial" and "frugality". Take universal love as the core, frugality and sage as the fulcrum.
8. Taoism
(1) Lao Tzu:
Laozi was a thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of the Taoist school. He is honored as "the old gentleman on the throne" and advocates simple dialectics and inaction.
② Zhuangzi:
Zhuangzi was a famous thinker, philosopher and writer in the middle of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period. He is a representative of the Taoist school in the Warring States period after Laozi, and one of the main representatives of the Taoist school. His works are called "literary philosophy, philosophical literature".
(3) The poetic expression of Zhuangzi's philosophy.
(1) The creation technique based on fable exposes the darkness and badness of the social atmosphere, satirizes the hypocrisy and filth of the ruling group, and criticizes all the pursuit of fame and fortune. It expresses Zhuangzi's eager pursuit and praise for the ideal times and ideal figures, and promotes a kind of pursuit of freedom and the other. This paper expounds Zhuangzi's philosophy of life, giving full play to the events in daily life and endowing it with profound philosophy.
(2) Most fables in prose show his imagination.
(3) Reasoning does not win by logical reasoning, but by metaphor and symbol instead of abstract reasoning, thus reflecting the argumentative style of returning to complex images.
(4) Language is like flowing water, Wang Yang is unrestrained, ups and downs, with distinct rhythm and harmonious tone, which has the characteristics of poetic language.
⑤ The sentence patterns are complicated and varied, and they like to use extreme words and strange words to pursue novelty.
Zhuangzi, known as "Zhuang Sao" in the history of literature, created a new literary tradition different from Confucianism.
9. Legalists
Han Feizi is a collection of political philosophy founded by Han Feizi, a representative figure of legalism at the end of the Warring States Period. There are 55 existing articles, a few of which have been occupied by later generations. His works comprehensively developed predecessors' theories and established a totalitarian legal theory system based on law and integrating law, technology and potential. Most of his essays are reasoned, logical, thorough, profound, clear-cut, sharp in words, steep in style, good at analyzing analogies, summarizing and summarizing, and good at clarifying things with historical stories and fables.