Einstein was not lively when he was a child, and he couldn't speak when he was over three years old. His parents were worried that he was dumb and took him to see a doctor. Fortunately, Einstein was not dumb, but he didn't become fluent until he was nine years old. Everything he says must be carefully thought over. Einstein Jr. is an honest boy. He never does anything against his will or cheats. To this end, he was laughed at by his classmates and nicknamed him "honest John". Ordinary children like to play competitive games, but he doesn't like to participate. The child likes war games and watching soldiers drill, but he didn't like anything related to the army since he was a child. He is a pacifist and doesn't want to see human beings killing each other.
There is a garden around Einstein's house. He often squats in the bushes in the corner of the garden for a long time, stroking small leaves with his hands or staring at ants running in a hurry. He likes meditation since he was a child and wants to know the secrets of nature. On a picnic by the Hisard River, a relative said that little Einstein was very serious. When other children were playing together, he sat there alone and looked at the other side of the lake. Pauline's mother affectionately defended her child: "He is quiet because he is thinking. Wait, he will become a professor one day! " The relative thought it was ridiculous, but he also understood his mother's feelings. Professor! In people's minds, only those smart people can get this honorary title. Can this silly boy who can't even speak well become a professor?
At the age of four or five, Einstein was once ill in bed, and his father gave him a compass. When he found that the compass always pointed in a fixed direction, he was very surprised and felt that there must be something hidden behind this phenomenon. He happily played with the compass for several days, pestering his father and uncle Jacob to ask a series of questions. Although he can't even say the word "magnetic" well, he stubbornly wants to know why the compass can guide the direction. This deep and lasting impression was vividly recalled by Einstein until he was 67 years old.
When Einstein was in primary school and middle school, his general homework was normal, only his math score was far above the whole class. Because he is slow and doesn't like people, his teachers and classmates don't like him. The teacher who taught him Greek and Latin was very disgusted with him and once publicly scolded him: "Einstein, you will never be a successful person when you grow up." And I want to kick him out of school for fear that his class will affect other students.
Einstein's uncle Jacob is in charge of technical affairs in the electric appliance factory, while Einstein's father is in charge of business dealings. Jacob is an engineer. He loves mathematics very much. When Einstein came to ask him questions, he always introduced his mathematics knowledge to him in very simple and popular language.
One day, Einstein came to ask his uncle, "What is algebra?" ? My uncle explained it this way: "There are many problems in arithmetic that are not easy to solve, and it is very difficult to calculate. Algebra is a' happy' math, which can easily help people solve difficult calculations. We call the number we don't know X and catch it. You take it as something you already know, build some relationships, and finally you can get it easily. " Then his uncle gave him a pamphlet with algebra problems, and Einstein soon learned to solve the problems inside.
Uncle Jacob once told him a beautiful theorem in geometry-Pythagoras theorem: the square of the long side of any right triangle must be equal to the sum of the squares of the two short sides. Uncle didn't tell him the proof of this theorem, but Einstein was very surprised to find that this relationship was established after drawing many right triangles.
My father's business is not good, but he is optimistic and kind. Inviting poor students from Munich to dinner at home every night is tantamount to helping them. One of them is a pair of Jewish brothers Max and Bernard from Lithuania. They are all medical students. Both of them like reading and have a wide range of interests. They were invited to eat at Einstein's house and became good friends with shy little Einstein with black hair and brown eyes.
Max can be said to be Einstein's "first teacher". He borrowed some popular natural science books for him, discussed with Einstein after reading them, and continued to provide him with new books. Max ignited Einstein's interest in self-study and constantly tutored him.
Max gave Einstein a plane geometry textbook by pirk when he was twelve years old, which immediately caught Einstein's heart. Einstein recalled this sacred little book in his later years and said, "There are many conclusions in this book. For example, although they are not obvious in themselves, they can be reliably proved, so any doubt seems impossible. This clarity and reliability left an indescribable impression on me. "
Then Einstein remembered Pythagoras theorem and wanted to prove it independently. It took him three weeks to finally find a way to take the vertex facing the longest side of a right triangle as the vertical line here, so he divided the triangle into similar triangles and proved this theorem easily. Although this is an ancient theorem with a history of more than two thousand years, Einstein finally got the result after some efforts, and he felt the joy of scientific discovery for the first time.
Max will help him correct some exercises and solve some difficult problems when he comes every week. Soon after, he was led to study advanced mathematics. When he was thirteen, he taught himself calculus. While his classmates were frowning at simple problems such as plane geometry and cyclic fractions, Einstein had entered the beautiful and magical "infinite world" of infinite series through self-study.
Soon Einstein Jr. surpassed Max in mathematics, and medical students eleven years older than him couldn't keep up with children twelve or thirteen years old. In order to have a common conversation topic in the future, Max began to lend him philosophy books. Einstein could understand Kant's Critique of Pure Reason at the age of thirteen. For many adults, this is a boring book. At this time, Einstein read books about mathematics, physics and many philosophers. He doesn't read novels, and his only pastime is playing the violin.
Max thinks he has found a child prodigy. He said, "Great scientists or philosophers will grow up from Einstein."
The invention of electric light
The lamp is a great invention for human beings to conquer the night. 19th century ago, people used oil lamps and candles for lighting, which broke through the night, but still failed to completely liberate mankind from the restriction of the night. Only with the birth of the generator can we light up the world with all kinds of electric lights, turn night into day, expand the scope of human activities, win more time and create wealth for society.
It was the American inventor Edison who really invented the electric light to make it shine. He is the child of a railway worker. He dropped out of school before finishing primary school and made a living by selling newspapers on the train. Edison is an extremely diligent man. He likes to do all kinds of experiments and make many exquisite machines. He is particularly interested in electrical appliances. Ever since Faraday invented the electric motor, Edison was determined to make electric lights and bring light to mankind.
Edison made a detailed test plan after carefully summarizing the previous failure experience in manufacturing electric lamps, and conducted experiments in two aspects: one was to classify and test more than 600 different heat-resistant materials of/kloc-0; The second is to improve the vacuum pumping equipment to make the bulb have a high vacuum degree. He also studied the new generator and circuit shunt system.
Edison tested 1600 kinds of heat-resistant luminescent materials one by one, but the linear energy of platinum wire is good, but the price of platinum is amazing, so we must find a more suitable material to replace it. 1879, Edison finally decided to use carbon filament after many experiments. He sprinkled carbon powder on a piece of cotton silk, bent it into a horseshoe shape, heated it in a crucible, made it into filaments, put it in a light bulb, and then pumped the air out of the light bulb with an air extractor. It can be used continuously for 45 hours when the light is on. In this way, the first batch of carbon filament incandescent lamps in the world came out. 1879 On New Year's Eve, Lopark Street where Edison Electric Company is located is brightly lit.
In order to develop electric light, Edison often worked in the laboratory for more than ten hours a day, and sometimes experimented for several days. After he invented carbon fiber, he experimented with more than 6000 kinds of plant fibers. Finally, he chose bamboo filaments, burned them in a high-temperature closed furnace, and then processed them to obtain carbonized bamboo filaments, which were put into the light bulb, thus improving the vacuum degree of the light bulb again, and the light bulb could be continuously lit for 1200 hours. The invention of electric light once caused natural gas stocks to plummet 12% in three days.
After Edison, 1909, American Ke Renqi invented tungsten wire instead of carbon wire, which greatly improved the efficiency of electric lamp. Since then, electric lamps have leapt to a new level, and fluorescent lamps, iodine tungsten lamp and other lamps have mushroomed on the lighting stage.
Lights turn darkness into light and make the world more dazzling and colorful.
Edison, the child who loves to ask why.
On February 1847, 1 1, a little boy with a round face, blue eyes and light hair was born in Milan, Ohio, USA. The boy is very delicate, just like his mother. However, the boy's body is very thin and looks tender and tender, which makes people feel distressed, but his head is surprisingly large, which makes people worry that his neck will not move when he grows up.
This little boy is Thomas Alva Edison who later became the world-famous "King of Invention". Edison lived in Holland. His father Samuel was an industrious farmer and his mother was a rural teacher. He is the seventh and youngest child in the family, so he is very loved by his mother.
Edison was weak from childhood. More than 1000 days before he was three years old, he was sick and cried many times. His mother was worried about anxiety and fidgeted all day. Later, under the patient and considerate care of his mother, Edison's body grew stronger day by day.
Although Edison was weak, he liked to use his head. He's curious. He always asks why. When he sees something he doesn't know, he will ask. When he asked, he rolled his eyes and thought.
"Why is there steam on the pot?" "Why does the stool have four legs?" "What is gold?" Fathers are often tongue-tied by their sons' questions.
Little Edison's interest in "asking the truth in a casserole" was fully affirmed by his mother. My mother used to be a primary school teacher. She knows that curiosity is the master key to open the treasure house of mysterious knowledge, and children without curiosity can't be great. So whenever Edison asked her why, her mother always smiled, carefully enlightened him and told him the truth. At this time, Edison always cocked his head and listened with wide eyes. After listening, many new "why" will pop out of his mind.
Edison not only liked to ask why, but also wanted to try everything by himself, and made many jokes.
When he was four years old, he used to play with his friends under a big tree. I wonder who found a hornet's nest on the branch.
"What's it like in the nest?" Everyone shook their heads.
"Why don't we poke it down and have a look?" Edison suggested to his friend.
"The wasp will sting, I will sting you!" Little friends hide far away.
Edison wanted to find out the mystery, so he found a long branch and poked the hornet's nest. Suddenly, a group of bumblebees flew to Edison. After a while, Edison was bitten by a wasp. His face was red and swollen, and he could hardly open his eyes. Even so, he must clearly see the structure of the hive.
Another time, when I was six years old. One day after breakfast, my mother was doing needlework. Edison slammed the door open and jumped in, scaring her mother's hands.
Edison panted and asked, "Mom, what is the big hen doing on the egg?"
Mother smiled and said, "I'm incubating chickens." The hen hatches the chick doll day by day with his body temperature. "
"Oh, I see. It's so interesting. " Edison patted his big head with an epiphany on his face, pushed open the door and went out.
When we had lunch at noon, Edison disappeared. Mother was in a hurry and the family looked around. It was not until the evening that everyone discovered that this little guy made a "nest" next to the chicken coop, and there were several eggs in it. He lay on the egg carefully, motionless.
Mother looked at him intently and asked, "Son, what are you doing?" "I'm incubating chickens!" He answered seriously.
The family laughed their heads off backstage, but I didn't expect him to be hungry all day on eggs from morning till night. It is this keen interest and superhuman patience that has become an important factor in Edison's career success in his life.
This is a very interesting story: Edison learned that when the hen was incubating the chicks, she squatted in the haystack and incubated the chicks like a hen. This ridiculous behavior fully embodies his excellent qualities of being good at observing, thinking and daring to practice.
one
Edison worked almost ten hours a day for decades. At the age of seventy-five, Edison still went to work in the laboratory on time every day. A reporter asked him, "Mr. Edison, when are you going to retire?" Edison said awkwardly, "Oh, no, I haven't had time to think about this problem until now!" " "
two
Edison was a poor worker before he became famous. Once, his old friend met him in the street and said with concern, "look, this coat on you is very worn." You should get a new one. " "Need it to be? Nobody knows me in new york. " Edison answered indifferently. A few years later, Edison became a great inventor. One day, Edison met that friend again in the street of new york. "Oh," exclaimed my friend, "why are you still wearing this old coat? This time, I have to change a new one anyway! " "Need it to be? Everyone here already knows me. " Edison still answered casually.
three
1862 One morning in August, Edison was selling newspapers at a small station. Suddenly looking up, I saw a little boy of three or four years old squatting on the rail and playing with stones, and a truck was galloping towards him. Edison let out a whoop of "Ouch", threw down the newspaper, rushed down the platform in desperation, and grabbed the child. At this moment, the train roared past his ear. That was close! Edison held the little boy and fell to the side of the railway track. His face and hands were cut, but the child was saved.
The little boy's father is Mackenzie, the stationmaster of this station. He is an excellent operator. Mackenzie saw this thrilling scene with his own eyes and was moved incoherently: "Thank you … thank you, thank you for saving … my child!" " "
Edison smiled indifferently. He picked up the newspaper from the ground, patted the dust on his body, boarded the train and left.
The next day, when Edison's train pulled into the station, Mackenzie was already waiting on the platform. He said to Edison sincerely, "I have nothing to reward you." I hear you are very interested in telegrams. If you like, I can teach you how to send and receive telegrams and make you a telegraph operator. "These words are from the heart of little Edison. He happily accepted Mackenzie's kindness and followed him to learn the technology of sending and receiving telegrams.
Edison studied very attentively and made rapid progress. Only three months later, he was proficient in sending and receiving telegrams. Mackenzie recommended him to be a train station operator. This unexpected learning opportunity laid a good foundation for Edison's great inventions in the future.
Scientist Einstein
( 1879- 1955)
Einstein was the greatest natural scientist in the 20th century and the standard-bearer of the physics revolution. 1March, 879 14 was born in Ulm, Germany, a small business owner's family. A year later, my family and I moved to Munich. My father and uncle jointly set up an electrician company there to produce motors, arc lamps and electrical instruments for power stations and lighting systems. Under the influence of engineer He's uncle and others, Einstein was enlightened by science and philosophy earlier. 1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy, and Einstein, who continued to attend middle school in Munich, gave up his student status and German nationality and went to Milan alone because he hated the militaristic education that German schools stifled free thinking. 1895 transferred to the state middle school in Arau, Switzerland; 1896 studied physics at Zurich Normal University of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1900 graduated. Because of his unruly personality and habit of independent thinking, he is dissatisfied with his professors. He lost his job as soon as he graduated from college and found a regular job two years later. 190 1 acquired Swiss nationality. 1902 was hired as a technician by the Berne patent office in Switzerland, engaged in the technical appraisal of invention patent applications. He used his spare time to do scientific research, and made historic achievements in three different fields of physics in 1905, especially the establishment of special relativity and the proposal of light quantum theory, which promoted the revolution of physics theory. In the same year, he received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Zurich with his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size". From 65438 to 0908, he was a part-time lecturer at Berne University, and since then he was destined to work in academic institutions. 1909 left the patent office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. 191/kloc-0 was a professor of theoretical physics at the Deutschland University in Prague, and 19 12 was a professor at his alma mater, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. 19 14 years, at the invitation of M. Planck and W. Nernst, he returned to Germany and served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William and a professor at Berlin University until 1933. 1920, at the invitation of H. A. Lorenz and P. Ellenffest (that is, P. Errenfest), distinguished professor of Leiden University in the Netherlands. Less than four months after returning to Germany, World War I broke out and he devoted himself to public and underground anti-war activities. After eight years of hard exploration, he finally established the general theory of relativity in 19 15. His prediction that light will bend after passing through the gravitational field of the sun was confirmed by the observation results of the total solar eclipse in 19 19 by the British astronomer A.S. Eddington and others, which caused a sensation all over the world. Einstein and the theory of relativity are well-known in the west, and they have also attracted vicious attacks from chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitists in Germany and other countries. 1933+ 10 After the Nazis seized the German regime in October, Einstein was the primary object of persecution in the scientific community. Fortunately, he was lecturing in America and was not killed. Returning to Europe in March, he took refuge in Belgium. On September 9, he found himself being followed by the Gestapo who planned to assassinate him. He crossed the ocean in the starry night, moved to Princeton in the United States in June 5438+10, and served as a professor at the newly-built Institute for Advanced Studies until his retirement in June 5438 +0945. 1940 Obtaining American citizenship.
1939, he was told that uranium nuclear fission and its chain reaction were discovered. Under the impetus of Hungarian physicist L. szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt and suggested developing an atomic bomb to prevent the Germans from taking the lead. On the eve of the end of World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs over two Japanese cities, and Einstein was strongly dissatisfied with this. After the war, the United States waged unremitting struggles and launched a peaceful movement against the dangers of nuclear war and fascism.
1955 April 18 died in Princeton due to ruptured aortic aneurysm. According to his will, there will be no funeral, no grave, no monument, and the ashes will be scattered in a place that will always be kept secret, and no place will be sacred.
Apples and gravity
-Newton's story
Isaac newton (1642- 1727) is a British scientist. He discovered the law of universal gravitation, established the basic system of classical mechanics, made creative contributions in optics, heat and astronomy, and was one of the founders of calculus in mathematics.
One night more than 300 years ago, a young man sat in the garden and watched the moon. He looked up at the starry sky and wondered why the moon went around the earth without falling. Suddenly, something hit him on the head, not a heavy blow, which woke him up from his meditation. He looked down and found a big and ripe apple falling from the tree. He picked up the apple and lost in thought again: why did the apple fall vertically to the ground instead of flying into the sky? There must be some kind of gravity on the earth that leads everything to the earth. The young man's eyes lit up: the apple is like this, so is the moon. The moon must be moving at a high speed under the attraction of the earth's gravity. Because of gravity, it can't stay away from the earth; Because of the speed, it won't fall like an apple ... The night is getting deeper and deeper, and the young man smiled happily with an apple in his hand. He is the British scientist Newton who discovered gravity. This year, he was only 24 years old.
Newton, 1642, was born in England on February 25th. His father was a yeoman and died two months before he was born. Since he was two years old, he has lived a poor and lonely life with his elderly grandmother.
Newton 12 years old entered the grand town primary school. He loved science very much since he was a child, and often made clever little machines. He made a small water clock by himself, which was modeled after an hourglass. With a small pool, the water in the pool flows out slowly, the water surface drops gradually, and the buoy on the water surface drops gradually, thus driving the pointer to rotate and indicating the time.
Flying kites is children's favorite game. Smart little Newton played a new trick: one night, he tied a paper lantern to a kite and put it in the sky. Many people who saw the kite in the air cried, "Comet!" "When people know that the lanterns on kites are shining in the sky, they suddenly realize.
Newton is a strong-willed child. At school, when he was insulted by his big classmates, he always fought back desperately. He often said: "No matter what you do, as long as you are willing to work hard, you will not fail." It is this tenacious spirit that led Newton to climb one scientific peak after another.
When Newton was engaged in scientific research, he often forgot the existence of himself and others and fell into a state of "obsession".
Once, he invited friends to his home. When he went out to get wine, he suddenly remembered the calculation of the moon's orbit, so he forgot to treat him and was busy calculating. Knowing Newton's temper, my friend had to eat the chicken on the plate and spit the bones on the table. Newton finally finished the calculation, and then remembered to treat. When I walked back to the dining table, I saw that the chicken was only bones. He suddenly realized, "I thought I haven't eaten yet, but I have already eaten."
Although Newton made great achievements in science, he was still modest. He once said, "If I see a little farther than Descartes (17th century famous French mathematician, physicist and philosopher), it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants."
The apple trees in Newton's hometown Ursop Garden in England have been carefully protected. 1820, this tree was divided into several sections after its death and preserved in the Royal Society and other places. This apple tree attached to science not only bears the imprint of Newton's rigorous style of study, but also spreads Newton's virtue of modesty.
A gifted boy-Bill Gates
With his wisdom and hard work, American Bill Gates magically turned $900 into $654.38+039 billion in 20 years, which amazed the world. Some people say that Gates and his Microsoft company will change the whole world.
1On the evening of October 28th, 1955, the lovely little Gates was born. Although no one could have foreseen that the child would become a great man at that time, everyone liked him. Gates likes reading very much. When other children are addicted to TV cartoons, he has learned to sit alone in his room and read his father's books like a scholar. He is immersed in books all day, and sometimes he can read the thick World Book Encyclopedia for hours without moving.
Gates Jr. was born energetic and very active. As a baby, he likes to shake the cradle for a long time, which seems very interesting. To this day, he still likes to keep shaking, which has almost become a well-known Gates feature of American women and children. When he was seven or eight years old, his mother worked as a community service worker and often took him to school to explain the history of Seattle to the students. Gates always sits in the front row, listening attentively, but at this time he can't find his active habit at all.
Gates was ambitious since he was a child. When he was in the fourth grade, he said to his good friend, "I would rather be an oak tree on a bare mountain than a grass in an oasis."
Like many children, he dreams of becoming a hero in people's hearts. For the homework assigned by the teacher, whether it is playing musical instruments or writing a composition, we should finish it carefully, even if it takes a long time, we should try our best to be the first. Once, the teacher asked everyone to write a story, not exceeding 20 pages, but he wrote 100 pages. Gates is good at thinking and likes innovation. He thinks that everyone should have his own invention.
Like many American children, he is a boy scout. During the Long March, other children complained bitterly. Gates wore out his feet and was bleeding, but he endured pain and fatigue and persisted in the end.
Gates was born into a noble family, but his parents were not extravagant. Under the arrangement of the mother, the family's meals and outings, including the children's clothes, are in good order. This rigorous and meticulous family style naturally influenced Bill Gates and formed his frugal habit.
"Time" and "concept" are the two conditions that Gates values most. In his reading notes, he clearly wrote such a motto: "Opportunity plus time equals money." Since he began to study in middle school, he has been fascinated by computers, and since then Gates has forged an indissoluble bond with computers.