This shows that the earliest lamps were developed from "beans". "Bean" is a kind of pottery tableware from the late Neolithic period to the Warring States period. The upper surface is shallow dish-shaped, with a high handle in the middle and a trumpet-shaped ring foot under the handle.
Our ancestors put wicks and grease lighting in beans in shallow bowls. The production of lamps in China has reached a superb level as early as the Warring States Period.
By the Han and Wei Dynasties, there were more and more kinds of lamps, but most of them were bronze lamps, iron lamps and pottery lamps. In the future, people will use gauze or paper to make cages and light candles in them, which are called lanterns.
"Southern history? There is a record of "hanging Ge Deng" in Song Wudi Ji. This kind of lantern is unique to our country. It is made of thin bamboo silk and mounted with translucent oil paper.
The production of lanterns reached its peak in the Tang and Song Dynasties. As for the invention of lanterns, it can be traced back to at least 1500 years ago, and it was recorded as early as the Jingchu era of the Liang Dynasty, and it was explicitly mentioned that "lamps are transported by fire".
This paper-cut lamp is a wheel. If the candle hisses, the car will gallop, the horse will suddenly stop and the candle will stop. The History of Science and Technology in China written by Joseph Needham, a famous British scientist, holds that lanterns are an important invention of ancient China.
2. The history of the development of electric lamps The earliest practical electric lamp was incandescent lamp, but long before the birth of incandescent lamp, an Englishman Humphrey David made an arc lamp with 2000 batteries and two carbon rods, but this arc lamp was too bright and generated too much heat, which was not durable and could not be used in ordinary places.
1854, Henry Goldbert, a German watchmaker who immigrated to the United States, made the first practical electric lamp in a vacuum glass bottle with a carbonized bamboo wire, which lasted for 400 hours, but he did not apply for a patent in time.
1860, joseph swan, an Englishman, also made a carbon filament lamp, but he failed to obtain a good vacuum environment to make the carbon filament work for a long time.
In 874, two electrical technicians in Canada applied for a patent for electric light: nitrogen was filled under a glass bulb and carbon rods were electrified to emit light, but they did not have enough financial resources to continue to improve the invention, so they sold the patent to Edison at 1875.
Edison tried to improve the filament after purchasing the patent, and finally made a carbonized bamboo filament lamp that could last for 1200 hours in 1880.
At the beginning of the 20th century, carbonized filament was replaced by tungsten filament, and tungsten filament incandescent lamp is still in use today.
1938, the fluorescent lamp was born. 1998 white LED lamp was born.
Extended data:
The main types of electric lights:
1, incandescent lamp
Ordinary incandescent light bulbs, commonly used incandescent light bulbs, are what most of us think of as light bulbs. It has the advantages of low price, good color rendering (Ra= 100), continuous dimming and simple structure. Therefore, tungsten filament bulbs also have different styles to match different lamps.
2, halogen tungsten lamp
Inflatable incandescent lamp, the filling gas contains some halogen elements or halides. It has all the characteristics of ordinary lighting incandescent lamp, the light efficiency and service life are more than twice as long as those of ordinary lighting incandescent lamp, and the volume is small.
3. Fluorescent lamp
Features: high light efficiency, long life and good light color. Fluorescent lamps are straight tube type, ring type and compact type. It is a widely used energy-saving lighting source. Using straight fluorescent lamp instead of incandescent lamp can save electricity by 70~90% and prolong life by 5~ 10 times.
4. Halogen bulbs
Halogen lamp, also called halogen tungsten bulb, is a kind of incandescent lamp. The principle is to inject halogen gas such as iodine or bromine into the bulb. At high temperature, the evaporated tungsten wire reacts chemically with halogen, and the evaporated tungsten will solidify again on the tungsten wire to form a balanced cycle to avoid premature fracture of the tungsten wire.
5, LED lights
The core of LED is a wafer composed of P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor. There is a transition layer between P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor, which is called pn junction. In the PN junction of some semiconductor materials, when the injected minority carriers recombine with the majority carriers, the excess energy will be released in the form of light, thus directly converting electric energy into light energy.
Sogou encyclopedia-electric light
3. History of China Lighting Development China lighting industry originated in Shanghai.
Shanghai is the earliest modern city in China, and it is also the first city to use modern lamps. Large-scale use of electric lights began in the 1920s. 192 1 year, Hu Xiyuan, a national industrialist and businessman, successfully trial-produced the first domestic incandescent lamp. 1923, he bought the electrical appliance factory of Auburn Company, a commercial company in Gansu Province, hired Auburn as an engineer, and started China Yapur Electrical Appliance Factory, becoming the first household light source enterprise opened by national capital in Shanghai.
1929, Gan Jingqiu and other national businessmen founded Huade Electro-Optical Co., Ltd. to produce vacuum filament bulbs. With the development of incandescent lamp production, other light source products have also come out.
1927, Xu shijiong successfully trial-produced small electric beads, and opened a Gong Ming electric bead factory in Dongyang Garden, Zhabei, producing Sun Moon brand, glory brand 2.5V, 3.8V small electric beads and Christmas bubbles. Products sell well in the Yangtze River Basin and North China.
However, in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, China's national lighting industry was squeezed by foreign brands and backward domestic forces, and the lighting industry lacked a long-term and stable development environment. Therefore, before liberation, only a few cities in China owned light bulb factories, and most of them were in a dying state. After the founding of New China, the modern lighting industry in China ushered in the spring of development.
The 1950s to the early 1960s was the beginning of the development of modern lamps in China. During this period, the construction and decoration of a large number of new modern buildings challenged the lighting industry at that time and affected its development.
At this time, the lighting industry in China can no longer only produce ordinary incandescent bulbs, road corner lights, machine lights, boat lights, venue projection lights, photographic lights, stage lighting, fluorescent lights, bed rolling lights and so on. , but constantly develop more advanced and modern lamps. This is not only related to the stable environment, the state's support for the lighting industry, but also related to the actual needs of the lighting industry at that time.
1954, Sino-Soviet Friendship Building was built in Shanghai, and the supporting lamps were manufactured by three lamps factories in Shanghai. After nearly 1 year's efforts, lighting enterprises have produced large chandeliers, wall lamps, ceiling lamps and other lamps.
The five-pointed red star sign lamp with high spire, no deformation and good light color was successfully manufactured in this temporary factory at that time. The appearance of these lamps marks a historic step for China's modern lamp industry.
Later, in the process of manufacturing lamps for the Great Hall of the People, Diaoyutai State Guesthouse and other large buildings, domestic lamps continued to develop, and some products reached the international advanced level. At the end of 1950s, Shanghai lighting industry also produced marine lamps for the modern large ocean liner "ilych".
These lamps not only meet international standards technically, but also undergo very strict product inspection. The workers in the lighting industry in Shanghai, with the spirit of winning glory for their country, finally successfully completed the task.
In the early and middle 1960s, Shanghai took the lead in forming an independent, complete and cooperative lighting industry in China. During this period, the development of lighting industry in Shanghai was the representative and epitome of the development of modern lighting industry in China. In addition to going overseas, Beijing, Tianjin, Wuhan, Guangzhou and other major cities have also set up lamp factories, and China's modern lighting industry is unprecedentedly prosperous.
During this period, in addition to a large number of lamp factories springing up like mushrooms after rain, the output of lamps increased greatly, and the research on light sources in China also made gratifying progress. 1963 Fudan university electric light source laboratory and Yaming bulb factory, the second generation fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamp in China.
Since then, the first hydrogen lamp, the first krypton lamp and the metal halide lamp have been produced in batches, and China's electric light source industry has also taken a big step forward. Shanghai has made great contributions to the development of electric light source industry in China.
When it comes to the development of the electric light source industry in China, we can't help but mention one person, that is Cai Zuquan, the "father of electric light source in China". Since 1960s, almost every scientific research achievement in China electric light source industry has been related to Cai Zuquan.
196 1 year, Cai Zuquan and his companions explored the "blank field" of China scientists-electric light source, and started to develop the first domestic light source-high-pressure mercury lamp. In the same year, Fudan University Electric Light Source Group was established.
A series of achievements such as the first hydrogen lamp, the first high-pressure mercury lamp, the first krypton lamp and the first long-arc xenon lamp in the history of electric light source in China were born from him. From 1949 to 1965, the lamp industry in China has developed rapidly, and the output of lamps has increased greatly, with a wide variety, some of which have reached the international advanced level.
This period is also a period of rapid popularization of electric lights in China, and cities began to popularize electric lighting. However, the development of China lamps industry is not smooth sailing.
During the ten-year turmoil, the lighting industry was greatly affected, which made the lighting industry with weak foundation encounter the fate of stagnation. It was not until the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1978 that a new round of lamps development in China began to emerge.
4. Where did the origin of light develop? The origin of lamps can be traced back to ancient times. The invention of lamp is closely related to the discovery of fire and lighting with fire, and the discovery and preservation of fire by human beings is the premise of the invention of lamp. Primitive people knew from the use of fire that fire could illuminate, so it can be said that the earliest bonfire was the first lamp discovered by our ancestors.
The invention and use of lamps can be traced back to 70,000 BC. There was no metal or copper to make lamps at that time, so people used hollow stones and shells instead. These hollow stones and shells were filled with moss and other plants, and then soaked in animal fat (animal fat can replace oil), so the first lamp was born.
As early as the Warring States period, China had its own lamps and lanterns, which have been developing continuously since then.
The first stage: the Warring States period. At this time, metal technology entered a new historical stage and became a bronze ware.
As a new thing in culture, copper lamps have been widely used at least in the upper class and become an indispensable lighting appliance in their daily life.
The second stage: Qin and Han Dynasties. This is the heyday of China's feudal society, and its economy and culture have reached an unprecedented height. Because the pottery industry was very developed at that time, pottery almost replaced the bronze utensils in people's daily household ornaments, but the copper-making process did not decline. On the contrary, the casting technology of bronze lamps in Han Dynasty also made new progress.
The third stage: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At this time, animal lights and people lights began to be popular on a large scale. Wei Jinnan
From the Northern Dynasties to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, lamps and candles, as lighting appliances, gradually became indispensable necessities for sacrificial ceremonies and festivals. In the paintings of Tang and Song Dynasties, especially in murals, there are often scenes where maids hold candlesticks or candlesticks and prepare to light candles. In some brick tombs in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it is often found that lamps are built on the tomb walls.
The fourth stage: Sui and Tang Dynasties. This is a very prosperous era of feudal society in China. After more than 300 years of division, political, economic and cultural prosperity, especially the rapid development of porcelain, promoted the development of porcelain lamps.
The fifth stage: Song and Yuan Dynasties. During this period, the function of lamps was separated from funeral lamps, mainly in decorative arts. The decorative techniques of porcelain lamps in Song Dynasty are varied, which can be divided into blank decoration, glaze decoration and painting according to the different technological materials. According to the craft techniques, there are also engravings, strokes and so on.
The sixth stage: Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is the most brilliant moment of the development of ancient lamps in China, and the most outstanding performance is that the materials and types of lamps and candlesticks are more colorful. In addition to the original metal, ceramics, jade desk lamps and candlesticks, lamps made of glass and enamel also appeared. The rise of palace lanterns with a wide variety and constant renovation has opened up a new world in the history of lamps and lanterns.
5. Where did the origin of light develop? The origin of lamps can be traced back to ancient times.
The invention of lamp is closely related to the discovery of fire and lighting with fire, and the discovery and preservation of fire by human beings is the premise of the invention of lamp. Primitive people knew from the use of fire that fire could illuminate, so it can be said that the earliest bonfire was the first lamp discovered by our ancestors.
In ancient times, primitive people had no lighting equipment and lacked kindling. They struggled to live in a harsh and dark environment.
The night has never been a friend of mankind. It has bound the original low-level survival activities of ancestors and created opportunities for wild animals to ravage and invade ... However, all this has undergone earth-shaking changes with the widespread use of fire: fire dispels insects and beasts, and also reduces people's deep fears and worries; At the same time, people gradually and consciously preserve the fire source, and these auxiliary devices for preserving the fire source are constantly improved and evolved, forming a special lighting appliance-lamp. Historical data show that before electricity was discovered, lamps were always a tool for lighting.
The use of lamps can be roughly divided into two periods: pre-power era and post-power era. Generally speaking, lamps can be divided into six stages: the first stage: the Warring States period.
At this time, metal technology has entered a new historical stage. As a new thing in bronze culture, copper lamps have been widely used at least in the upper class and become an indispensable lighting appliance in their daily life. The second stage: Qin and Han Dynasties.
This is the heyday of China's feudal society, and its economy and culture have reached an unprecedented height. Because the pottery industry was very developed at that time, pottery almost replaced the bronze utensils in people's daily household ornaments, but the copper-making process did not decline. On the contrary, the casting technology of bronze lamps in Han Dynasty also made new progress.
The third stage: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At this time, animal lights and people lights began to be popular on a large scale.
From Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Song and Yuan Dynasties, lamps and candles, as lighting appliances, gradually became indispensable necessities for sacrificial ceremonies and festivals. In the paintings of Tang and Song Dynasties, especially in murals, there are often scenes where maids hold candlesticks or candlesticks and prepare to light candles. In some brick tombs in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it is often found that lamps are built on the tomb walls.
The fourth stage: Sui and Tang Dynasties. This is a very prosperous era of feudal society in China.
After more than 300 years of division, political, economic and cultural prosperity, especially the rapid development of porcelain, promoted the development of porcelain lamps. The fifth stage: Song and Yuan Dynasties.
During this period, the function of lamps was separated from funeral lamps, mainly in decorative arts. The decorative techniques of porcelain lamps in Song Dynasty are varied, which can be divided into blank decoration, glaze decoration and painting according to the different technological materials. According to the craft techniques, there are also engravings, strokes and so on.
The sixth stage: Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is the most brilliant moment of the development of ancient lamps in China, and the most outstanding performance is that the materials and types of lamps and candlesticks are more colorful.
In addition to the original metal, ceramics, jade desk lamps and candlesticks, lamps made of glass and enamel also appeared. The rise of palace lanterns with a wide variety and constant renovation has opened up a new world in the history of lamps and lanterns.
6. The origin of the chandelier The chandelier full of ocean customs comes from Spain with a long ocean history. These lamps are both plugged in and lit with oil, which is very suitable for interior design that pursues flavor. Baroville & ampTOSO crystal chandelier with six colors to choose from; There is a fine grain on the glass, which makes the reflected light have an elegant taste.
The beautiful striped glass chandelier "STRESA SOSPENSIONE" is supported by die-cast aluminum and painted with dull silver-gray enamel.
The lighting technology of "Tiffany" was carried forward by Mr. Louis, an American, who will match the delicate watch with the color of glass.
7. What is the history of lamps? Before the electric light appeared, kerosene lamps or gas lamps were widely used as lighting tools.
Because this kind of lamp burns kerosene or gas, the black smoke is very thick, the smell is pungent, and it is inconvenient to add fuel, so the lampshade is often scrubbed. More importantly, this kind of lamp is easy to cause fire, which will lead to great disaster.
For many years, many scientists have tried their best to invent a safe and convenient electric light. The lamp is a great invention for human beings to conquer the night.
It was the American inventor Edison who really invented the electric light to make it shine. He is the child of a railway worker. He dropped out of school before finishing primary school and made a living by selling newspapers on the train.
Edison is an extremely diligent man. He likes to do all kinds of experiments and make many exquisite machines. He is particularly interested in electrical appliances. Ever since Faraday invented the electric motor, Edison was determined to make electric lights and bring light to mankind.
Edison made a detailed test plan after carefully summarizing the previous failure experience in manufacturing electric lamps, which was divided into two aspects: one was to classify and test 1600 different heat-resistant materials; The second is to improve the vacuum pumping equipment to make the bulb have a high vacuum degree. He also studied the new generator and circuit shunt system.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, a British chemist made the world's first arc lamp with 2000 batteries and two carbon rods. But this kind of lamp is too strong and can only be installed in streets or squares, which is not used by ordinary families.
Numerous scientists have racked their brains to make a cheap and durable household electric light. 1879101October 2 1 day, an American inventor finally lit the world's first electric lamp with practical value after long-term repeated experiments.
Since then, the inventor's name, like the electric light he invented, has entered thousands of households. He is Edison, who is praised as "the king of invention" by later generations.
1847 In February, Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, USA. He has only studied in school for three months in his life, but he is studious and diligent in thinking. His invention has created many achievements 1000, such as electric light, phonograph and movie camera, and made great contributions to mankind.
When Edison 12 years old, he was addicted to scientific experiments. After his tireless self-study and experiments, at the age of 16, he invented an automatic telegraph that sends signals every hour. Later, the automatic counting machine, the first practical typewriter, double and quadruple telegrams, automatic telephones and phonographs were invented one after another.
Edison was not satisfied with these inventions. 1in September, 878, Edison decided to attack the fortress of electric lighting. He read a lot of books about electric lighting and made up his mind to make cheap, durable, safe and convenient electric lights.
He started the experiment with an incandescent lamp. Put a small piece of heat-resistant thing in a glass bubble, and when the current burns it to a white-hot level, it will give off heat and glow.
His first thought was charcoal, so he put a small piece of charcoal wire into a glass bubble, and the glass bubble broke as soon as it was electrified. "What is the reason?" Edison picked up the carbon wire broken in two and looked at the glass bubble again. After a long time, he suddenly remembered: "Oh, maybe it's because there is air in it. The oxygen in the air helps the carbon wire burn and makes it break immediately!" " So he used his own hand-made air extractor to extract the air from the glass bubble as much as possible.
Once it is electrified, it will not go out immediately. But eight minutes later, the light went out.
In any case, Edison finally found that the vacuum state is very important for incandescent lamps, and the key is carbon filament, which is the key to the problem. So what kind of heat-resistant materials should we choose? Edison thought about it. Platinum has the highest melting point and strong heat resistance! So Edison and his assistants tried platinum several times, but this kind of platinum with higher melting point prolonged the luminous time of the electric lamp a lot, but it was still not ideal to turn it off automatically and then glow from time to time.
Undaunted, Edison continued his experimental work. He tried various rare metals such as barium, titanium and indium, and the results were not very satisfactory.
After a while, Edison made a summary of the previous experimental work and wrote down all kinds of heat-resistant materials he could think of, totaling 1600. Next, he and his assistants began to test 1600 kinds of heat-resistant materials in different categories. You can try it, and platinum is the most suitable one.
Due to the improved air extraction method, the vacuum degree in the glass bulb is higher and the life of the lamp is extended to 2 hours. But this kind of platinum lamp is too expensive. Who wants to spend so much money on a light that can only last for two hours? The experimental work fell into a trough, and Edison was very upset. In a cold winter, Edison sat by the fire and looked at the burning coals. He couldn't help saying to himself, "Charcoal …" The charcoal bar made of charcoal has been tried. What should I do? Edison felt hot all over, so he pulled down the scarf around his neck. Seeing this scarf made of cotton yarn, Edison suddenly had an idea in his mind: Yes! Cotton yarn has better fibers than wood. Can you use this material? He quickly tore off a cotton yarn from his scarf and baked it on the fire for a long time. Cotton yarn turned into charred charcoal.
He carefully put this carbon wire into the glass bubble, and after testing, the effect is really good. Edison was very happy, and then he made a lot of carbon filaments from cotton yarn and did many experiments in succession.
The life of the light bulb was extended by 13 hours, and then it reached 45 hours. As soon as the news spread, it caused a sensation all over the world.
The share price of London Gas plunged, and the gas industry was in chaos. People have a hunch that lighting gas lamps will soon become history, and the future will be the era of electro-optics.
Everyone congratulated Edison, but Edison didn't look happy at all. He shook his head and said, "No, we have to find other materials!" " ""why, you haven't worked for 45 hours? "The assistant asked in surprise." Don't! I hope it can run for 1000 hours, preferably 16000 hours! "Edison replied.
As we all know, it is good to shine for more than 1000 hours, but what materials can we find? Edison knew what he was doing. According to the nature of cotton yarn, he decided to look for new materials from plant fibers.
So, the marathon experiment began again. Edison tried all the plant materials he could find, even horse mane, human hair and beard were used as filaments.