1978 and 1979, INTEL successively introduced 8086 and 8088 chips, both of which are 16-bit microprocessors, including 29,000 transistors, with a clock frequency of 4.77MHz and an address bus of 20 bits, which can use 1MB memory. Their internal data bus is 16 bits, the external data bus 8088 is 8 bits, and 8086 is 16 bits. 198 1 8088 chip was first used in IBMPC, which created a brand-new microcomputer era. The earliest i8086/8088 was packaged in the form of DIP. Since i80286, square BGA has been used for flat packaging (soldering). From i80386 to Pentiumpro, a square PGA (pin) is used. 1982, INTEL introduced 80286 chips, including 134000 transistors. Its internal and external data buses are 16 bits, and its address bus is 24 bits, which can address 16MB of memory. 80286 has two working modes: real mode and protection mode.
1985, Intel introduced the 80386 chip, which is the first 32-bit microprocessor in the 80X86 series and contains 275000 transistors. The clock frequency is 12.5MHz, and then it is increased to 20MHz, 25MHz and 33MHz. Its internal and external data buses are 32-bit, and its address bus is also 32-bit, which can address 4GB of memory. In addition to real mode and protected mode, it also adds a working mode called virtual 86, which can provide multi-task capability by simulating multiple 8086 processors at the same time.
In addition to the standard 80386 chip (called 80386DX), for different market and application considerations, INTEL has successively introduced some other types of 80386 chips: 80386SX, 80386SL, 80386DL and so on.
80386SX introduced by 1988 is a chip with market positioning between 80286 and 80386DX. The difference from 80386DX is that the external data bus and address bus are the same as 80286, which are 16 bits and 24 bits respectively (i.e. the addressing ability is 16MB).
80386SL and 80386DL introduced by 1990 are low-power and energy-saving chips, which are mainly used in portable computers and energy-saving desktops. The difference between 80386SL and 80386DL is that the former is based on 80386SX and the latter is based on 80386DX, but both of them have added a new working mode: System Management Mode (SMM). When entering the system management mode, the CPU will automatically reduce the running speed, control the display screen, hard disk and other components to stop working, or even stop running, and enter the "sleep" state to achieve the purpose of energy saving.
1989, INTEL introduced 80486 chip, which actually broke the boundary of 1 10,000 transistors and integrated1.20,000 transistors. Its clock frequency is gradually increased from 25MHz to 33MHz and 50MHz. 80486 integrates 80386, mathematical coprocessor 80387 and an 8KB cache in one chip. The 80X86 series adopts RISC technology for the first time, and one instruction can be executed in one clock cycle. It also adopts the burst bus mode, which greatly improves the data exchange speed with the memory. Because of these improvements, the performance of 80486 is four times higher than that of 80386DX with 80387 math coprocessor.
Like 80386, there are several types of 80486. The original model introduced above is 80486DX. 1990 introduces 80486SX, which is a low-cost model of 486. The difference between it and 80486DX is that it has no mathematical coprocessor.
The 80486DX2 slave adopts clock frequency doubling technology, and its internal running speed is twice that of the external bus, that is, the internal running speed of the chip is twice that of the system clock, but it still communicates with the outside world at the original clock speed. The internal clock frequency of 80486DX2 mainly includes 40MHz, 50MHz and 66MHz. 80486DX4 is also a chip with clock frequency doubling technology, which can make its internal unit run at twice or three times the speed of external bus. In order to support this improved internal working frequency, its on-chip cache is extended to 16KB. The clock frequency of 80486DX4 is 100MHz, which is 40% faster than the 66MHz of 80486DX2.
80486 also has SL enhancement and system management mode, which is used for portable computers or energy-saving desktops. 1993, Intel introduced 80586, officially known as Pentium. Pentium contains 365,438+million transistors, and the clock frequency was initially 60MHZ and 66MHZ, and then increased to 200MHZ. The performance of Pentium microprocessor at 66MHZ is more than 3 times higher than that of 80486DX at 33MHZ, while the performance of Pentium at 100MHZ is 6 to 8 times faster than that of 80486DX at 33MHZ.
The sensation caused by Pentium is not over yet, and Intel has introduced a new generation of microprocessors-P6. P6 contains 5.5 million transistors, the clock frequency is 133MHZ, and the processing speed is almost twice that of Pentium 100MHZ. The first-level (on-chip) cache of P6 is 8KB instruction and 8KB data. It is worth noting that a package of P6 includes a 256KB secondary cache chip in addition to P6 chip, and the two chips are interconnected by a high-bandwidth internal communication bus. The most striking thing about P6 is that it has an innovative technology called "dynamic execution", which is another leap after Pentium broke through the superscalar architecture.
On the basis of 1997, Pentium (P54C) and P6 have made new development. A Pentium (P54C) has added 57 multimedia instructions, which has been improved in the following aspects: (1) It supports a new instruction set called MMX multimedia extension, adding 57 new instructions. (2) The internal cache is increased from 16KB to 32KB. (3) Optimized the execution core of CPU.
In order to make up for some defects of P6 chip, Intel developed two variants based on P6: Klamath (Pentium II II) and Deschutes to supplement and improve them. Pentium II adopts MMX and AGP technology, and the system bus speed reaches 66MHz. The first-level cache includes 16KB instruction cache and 16KB data cache, and the second-level cache is 5 12KB. Using 0.35 micron technology, the CPU working voltage is 2.8V: Deschueses (CPU above PII 350) is 0.25 micron version of Pentium II II, the power supply voltage is lower, and the external frequency is 100MHz. PentiumII changed the previous PGA ceramic package, and integrated the processor chip, L2 cache and TAGPAM (for managing L2 cache) on a circuit board, and then packaged it in a new SEC(singledge contact). Due to the new SEC package, PentiumII must insert SLOT 1 of 242 wires, that is, PentiumII is not compatible with Socket7 structure.
1In July 1998, Intel introduced the Pentium II Xeon processor for servers and workstations. It adopts a brand-new P6 microprocessor structure, is made of 0.25 micron, has the lowest frequency of 400MHz, and has 5 12K or 1M secondary cache inside. Pentium II Xeon adopts 330-line SLOT2, which makes L2 cache run synchronously with CPU main frequency, and the system performance is greatly improved. Of course, its size is slightly larger than that of PentiumII with SLOT 1.
Pentium II Celeron is a Pentium II processor for the low-end market released by Intel in April, 1998. It adopts the kernel of PII and removes the second-level cache on the PII processor, thus reducing the cost, but at the same time reducing its integer performance tax. Inter Milan also realized this. The L2 cache of 128K is integrated in Celeron with 300MHz and 333MHz, which is less than that of Pentium II with 5 12K. However, because Celeron's L2 cache runs at the same frequency as CPU, its performance is almost equivalent to that of Pentium II with the same frequency, and sometimes even better than Pentium II. And its price is only half that of the same frequency PentiumII, which is very good value.
1 99965438+1On October 5th, Intel introduced Socket370 Celeron, which still uses Celeron kernel with slot1architecture, but adopts new PPGA package, which reduces the production cost. Celeron processor of Socket370 is very similar to PentiumMMX in appearance, but it has 370 more pins than PentiumMMX, while PentiumMMX has only 32 1 pin. Therefore, if users of the old Socket7 want to use Celeron of Socket370, they must buy the motherboard of Socket370, while users who use Slot 1 motherboard can choose the conversion card and use Celeron of the new Socket370.
1999 On February 26th, Intel officially released the PentiumIII processor, which started the first shot of the CPU war of 1999. The kernel of PentiumIII is basically the same as that of PentiumII, except that 70 SSE(StreamingSIMDExtensions) instruction sets are added, which enhances the floating-point computing ability of CPU and improves the execution efficiency of CPU for floating-point operation-intensive applications. The other is the serial number of PentiumIII. Because Intel has implanted a fixed serial number on each silicon chip of PentiumIII, users of computers can be identified by the serial number of PentiumIII on the Internet. This is to improve the security of e-commerce, but at the same time, more people are worried that their privacy will be exposed online. To solve this problem, you can use Intel's serial number control software to turn off the serial number, or you can turn off the serial number directly in the BIOS.
At present, the main frequency of PentiumIII is 450MH and 500 MHz, and it is manufactured by 0.25 micron technology. The 32K first-level cache and 5 12K second-level cache run at half the main frequency of CPU, and the core voltage is 2.0V Slot 1 is still used. It should be noted that there are few softwares supporting SSE instruction set at present, which cannot reflect the advantages of SSE instruction. With the support of SSE instructions from major software manufacturers, the performance of PentiumIII will be greatly improved.
Shortly after the introduction of PentiumIII, Intel introduced PentiumIII Xeon processors with 500MHz and 550MHz, with a core voltage of 2.0V and Slot2, an L2 cache built in the chip, and 1M, 2M or more versions. In the microprocessor market, although Intel has become an industry leader by virtue of its absolute scale, production capacity and excellent work design, there is still a gap in its products. Many powerful companies are squeezing into the microprocessor market, which poses a strong challenge to Intel. AMD's K6-2, K6-III and K7 processors can completely compete with Pentium II and Pentium III in some aspects, making the microprocessor market.
The emergence of microprocessor is a great industrial revolution. From 197 1 to 1999, in just a quarter century, the development of microprocessors is changing with each passing day, which is unbelievable. The current Pentium is more than 300 times faster than the 8088 used in 198 1 the first PC. It can be said that no other invention of human beings has developed so rapidly and had such a far-reaching impact.