1, Genghis Khan's main contribution: (unifying Mongolian grassland) (establishing Mongolia)
2. After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongolian army perished one after another (Xixia) and Jin. Later, (Kublai Khan) (knowing the map) was the Khan position, and the Yuan Dynasty was established in (127 1), with its capital (magnanimous) the following year. 1276, extinct (Southern Song Dynasty). Minister of the Anti-Japanese War (Wen Tianxiang) (knowledgeable) continued to resist Yuan, but was defeated and captured.
3. What measures did Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu take to consolidate his rule?
Politically: (1) Establish a provincial system, that is, establish a provincial system at the central level and establish a provincial system at the local level. The establishment of provincial administrative regions in China began in the Yuan Dynasty. (2) The government of the Yuan Dynasty strengthened its jurisdiction over (Tibet) and (Tibet) became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty. (3) The Yuan government also strengthened its jurisdiction over Ryukyu.
Economically: (1) agriculture? Many times ordered Mongolian nobles to ban all farmland grazing; Harness the Yellow River, popularize cotton planting, and restore and develop northern agriculture; In order to facilitate the transportation of grain from south to north, two new canals were dug. (2) Transportation? Let people dig two new canals; Created an unprecedented scale of shipping business? Commercial prosperity is mostly a political center and a world-famous commercial metropolis.
Exchange between China and foreign countries: (Kyle Poirot) came to China.
Ethnic relations: What four aspects did the ethnic integration in Yuan Dynasty develop from? What's the role?
People in the border areas have lived together with the Han nationality for a long time; Many ethnic minorities have lived together for a long time, and their living habits are no different from those of the Han nationality; Since the Tang Dynasty, a new nationality-Hui nationality has been formed.
Function: The large-scale population movement in Yuan Dynasty promoted the economic and cultural development and integration of all ethnic groups.
Brilliant Song and Yuan culture
1 (Song and Yuan Dynasties) was the peak period of ancient science and technology development in China. The invention of movable type printing and the widespread use of compass and gunpowder were great achievements of science and technology in this period.
2. The invention of movable type printing: time, writing and function.
Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty greatly promoted cultural exchanges.
3. Widespread use of compass: (1) What is the name of the earliest guiding instrument in the world? When will Sina make it? Warring States Period (2) When was the compass made and began to be used for navigation? Northern Song Dynasty (III) When was the compass widely used in navigation? Who spread it to Europe in the Southern Song Dynasty? What role did Arabs play? It created conditions for the navigation activities of European navigators later.
4. Widespread use of gunpowder: (1) gunpowder was invented by an ancient alchemist in China. (2) When did it begin to be used in the military? When was the last year of the Tang Dynasty (3) widely used in war? During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it spread to (Arabia and Europe) in 13 and 14 centuries.
5. What do you mean by "Four Great Inventions"? Meaning?
Printing compass gunpowder papermaking is a great contribution of the Chinese nation to the development of world civilization.
6. Understand the contributions of Shen Kuo and Guo Shoujing.
Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote in Meng Qian's Bi Tan.
Guo Shoujing, an astronomer and water conservancy engineer in Yuan Dynasty, compiled the Calendar of Time Service.
7. Understanding: What factors contributed to such great scientific and technological achievements in the Song and Yuan Dynasties?
Social prosperity, open political system, relatively clear and perfect.
Political development and economic prosperity in Song and Yuan Dynasties: economic and cultural exchanges between different nationalities and regions; Inherit Sui and Tang culture and absorb foreign culture; The ingenuity of people of all ethnic groups.
Cleverness and hard work.
1. Historiography: Sima Guang, a famous historian in the Northern Song Dynasty (knowing pictures): achievements, genres and contents.
Achievements: Compilation of Annals of Zitongzhi Bamboo Slips, which recorded the history of more than 2,000 years from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties.
Second, literature.
1, Song Ci:
Name Su Qingzhao Xin Qiji
Life era: the turn of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty
Representative works: Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia, Drunk Flowers Singing and Breaking the Array.
Characterized by bold and unrestrained, euphemistic style, sincere feelings, often pour out grief over the division of mountains and rivers.
(Look at the picture)
(Look at the picture)
well
(Look at the picture)
"Is it broken?" Watch the sword while drinking.
2. Yuanqu: Yuanqu consists of (Zaju) and (Sanqu). Guan Hanqing was the most outstanding playwright in Yuan Dynasty, and his masterpiece was Dou Eyuan.
Third, art.
1. Painting: With the development of the city, genre paintings showing citizens' life appeared and increased in the Song Dynasty. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, painted by the great painter (Zhang Zeduan), depicts the scenery and prosperity of Tokyo and Yan 'an in the Northern Song Dynasty, which is an immortal work in the art history of China. The most famous painter in Yuan Dynasty was (Zhao Mengfu). His masterpiece was Drinking Horses in Autumn Suburb, and his paintings were called "miracles".
2. Calligraphy: During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, free writing was popular. Famous calligraphers in Song Dynasty were (Mi Fei), (Su Shi), (Cai Xiang) and (Huang Tingjian), and their calligraphy was called "Song Sijia". The calligrapher of Yuan Dynasty was (Zhao Mengfu).