Crisis and reform in the late Qing Dynasty
Lesson 1 Opium War
1, the background before the Opium War P 1
2. No smoking campaign P3 1839, Lin Zexu was publicly destroyed at Humen Beach.
3. Opium War P3 ~ 5 1840 ~ 1842
Reason: Open the China market and invade China.
Results: The reason for the failure was (1) the difference in troops and equipment.
(2) Not knowing the enemy's situation, misjudging the enemy's situation, and political corruption.
Treaty of nanking (III) and the war policy are uncertain and the economy is backward.
(4) The quality and fighting capacity of the Qing army are low.
(1) China's first unequal treaty in modern times
Impact (2) has seriously damaged China's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
(3) China has gradually changed from an independent feudal country to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country.
Lesson 2 The Second Opium War
Reason: further "open the market" and expand the rights and interests of aggression.
Time: 1856~ 1860
Treaty: Tianjin Treaty
the treaty of beijing
Event: Burning Yuanmingyuan 1860 Anglo-French Allied Forces.
Russia occupied 654.38+500,000 square kilometers of land in China.
Impact: The semi-colonization of China has been further deepened.
Lesson 3 Old System and New System
Taiping rebellion
Background: (1) In order to pay huge military expenses and war reparations, the Qing government stepped up its search.
(2) Frequent natural disasters.
Time: 185 1~ 1864
Venue: Tianjin, Ding Du, Jintian Village, Guangxi (passing by)
Uprising leader: Hong Xiuquan
The reason for the rise and fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: serious infighting among leading groups.
Reason for failure: (1) Chinese and foreign opposition forces jointly suppressed.
(2) the limitations of the peasant class itself
Xiang Army and Huai Army: Zeng Guofan, Zuo and Li Hongzhang
"foreign gun team"
Westernization Movement
Time:19c60 ~ 90s
Meaning: all foreign affairs
Goal: Learn from foreigners.
The fundamental purpose: to maintain feudal rule
Content: (1) Many modern enterprises have been established.
(2) The formation of China's new navy.
(3) Establish new schools and send overseas students.
Center: learn advanced production technology from the west.
Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War
Time: 1894~ 1895
Incentives: Japan deliberately provoked the Sino-Japanese conflict and used the invitation of the Qing army to send troops to North Korea to preempt it.
The root cause: annexing Korea and invading China.
Important war: (1) Toyoda naval battle-Japan declared war and the war broke out.
(2) The Yellow Sea naval battle "Zhiyuan Ship" Deng Shichang.
(3) Liaodong Campaign (Lushun Massacre)
(4) Ahava defeated the Beiyang Navy and was completely annihilated, ending in a fiasco.
Treaty of shimonoseki: 1895 (content, impact)
Reason for failure: (1) The Qing government was corrupt.
(2) Compromise and concession of decision-making group
(3) weapons and equipment are slack and backward
Lesson 5 Reform and Reform
Background: Imperialism set off a frenzy of partition, and the national crisis was unprecedented (1).
(2) dividing the sphere of influence
Characters: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao
The Reform Movement of 1898:1898.6.1~ 9.21(Hundred Days Reform) Theoretical Basis ―― On Evolution.
1898 coup: 1898.9.26438+0
Reason for failure:
Lesson 6 The Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China
Boxer Movement Time: 19C
Slogan: "Help the Qing Dynasty to Destroy the Ocean"
Nature: anti-imperialist
Boxer Protocol
Time: 190 1 year
Content:
Impact: China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Lesson 7 Xinhai Revolution
Bourgeois revolutionaries: Only by overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty and autocratic monarchy and establishing a bourgeois republic can China be truly rich and strong.
Representative: Sun Yat-sen
Bourgeois political party: China League (the first session)1August 905 Japan
Political platform: expel the Tatars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and share land rights.
The guiding ideology of bourgeois revolution: Three People's Principles: Nation, People's Livelihood and Civil Rights
Exercise: (1) Huanghuagang Uprising
(2) Wuchang Uprising A1911.10.
(Xinhai Revolution) b1912.1.1. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was sworn in in Nanjing on 1920, and the Republic of China was founded.
C 19 12.2. 12。 The Qing emperor abdicated.
D The fruits of victory were stolen by Yuan Shikai (Emperor Hongxian) for 83 days.
Unit 2 The Rise and Fall of the Republic of China and the Victory of the China Revolution
Lesson 8 Yuan Shikai and Beiyang Warlords
Separatist warlord regime
Lesson 9 May 4th Movement
New Culture Movement
Representative figures: Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao.
Slogan: "Democracy" and "Science"
Core publication: new youth
Development: After the October Revolution, Li Dazhao (raising the banner of socialism for the first time)
The victory of ordinary people, the victory of Bolshevism.
May Fourth Movement
The fuse: China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference.
Time:1965438+May 4, 2009
Course: (1) Pre-stage: student-centered student movement.
(2) Later, workers and businessmen joined in, and the student movement developed into a national patriotic movement, in which the working class showed great strength.
Results: A preliminary victory was achieved.
Nature: anti-imperialist and patriotic
Meaning:
Lesson 10 The Establishment of the China Production Party
1,1921July, the first national congress of China * * * production party was held in Shanghai. China * * * Production Party was formally established. Elect Chen Duxiu as Secretary of the C.O. ..
1924 1 The first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou.
3. The ideological basis of the first Sino-Russian cooperation: "unite with Russia, unite with Russia, and help the peasants and workers".
4. Huangpu Military Academy was established: 1925.5, which trained a large number of military backbones for the national revolutionary movement.
Lesson 11 Northern Expedition War
Time:1May, 926
Banners: "Down with imperialism" and "Down with warlords"
Name of the Army: Ye Ting Independent Regiment of the National Revolutionary Army (hereinafter referred to as "Tiejun")
The victory of the Northern Expedition shook the rule of the Northern Warlords (Wu and Sun).
The breakdown of cooperation between countries.
1927.4. 12. Chiang Kai-shek's April 12th coup (imperialism, Jiangsu and Zhejiang chaebol, mafia forces)
1927.7. 15. Wang Ching-wei's July 15 coup (killing a thousand for nothing, it is better to let one escape).
Lesson 12 Ten Years of Civil War
Nanchang Uprising
1927.8. 1
Zhou Enlai, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De
The first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries was fired.
the Autumn Harvest Uprising
1927.9 Mao Zedong
Jinggangshan's first rural revolutionary base. Ignite the spark of "separation of weapons between workers and peasants",
It has opened up the revolutionary road of "the countryside surrounds the city".
Zunyi Meeting
Time: 1935. +10 month in 65438.
Venue: Zunyi
Content: (1) criticized the serious mistakes of the military leaders at that time.
(2) Established the leading position of Mao Zedong.
Significance: Saved the Party and the Red Army and the China Revolution.
Long March: 1934. 10 The fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" failed.
1936.6438+00 The three main forces joined forces in Huining, Gansu.
Lesson 13 Anti-Japanese bonfire
1. How Japanese imperialism invaded China step by step: A, put forward "Article 21"; B. September 18th Incident;
C, instigating "autonomy of five provinces in North China"; D. July 7 Incident
2. The December 9th Movement set off a new climax of the Anti-Japanese National Salvation Movement.
3.Xi 'an Incident
Time:1936.12.12. "Double Twelve Events"
Sponsors: Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng
Result: Peaceful settlement.
Significance: After ten years of civil war, the anti-Japanese national united front was initially formed.
4.1On July 7th, 937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
5. "Establishment of the Anti-Japanese National United Front": After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Anti-Japanese National United Front based on ethnic cooperation was formally formed.
6. Four battles
The arrogant attempt to "destroy China in three months" in the Battle of Shanghai and Shanghai was shattered.
Battle of Taiyuan
Xuzhou battle
Battle of Wuhan
7. Nanjing Massacre:1937 65438+February 13 After the Japanese invaded Nanjing, a massacre lasted for six weeks, and more than 300,000 China people were killed.
8.1in the autumn of 938, after the fall of Wuhan and Guangzhou, the Japanese invaders were forced to stop their large-scale attacks due to the extension of the front line, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression entered a stalemate stage.
After the fall of Taiyuan, the Eighth Route Army advanced behind enemy lines, recovered large areas of occupied land and established anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines.
9. On August 1945 15, Japanese imperialism declared its unconditional surrender.
The significance of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory.
10, the guiding ideology of the 7th Mao Zedong Thought Party.
Lesson 14 War of Liberation
1, Chongqing negotiation: 1945 10 10, the two sides appraised the minutes of the talks between the government and representatives of China, that is, the Double Ten Agreement.
2. Liaoshen Campaign covered 470,000 people in Northeast China.
Ping Jin campaign 520,000 North China.
Huaihai Campaign 550,000 East China and the Central Plains north of the Yangtze River
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