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First unit
▲ 1. Contents of the First China People's Political Consultative Conference:
1949 September, the first China People's Political Consultative Conference was held in Beiping. The meeting adopted the same program of China People's Political Consultative Conference, elected People's Republic of China (PRC) Central People's Government Committee and elected Mao Zedong as the chairman of the Central People's Government. The Congress decided to use the five-star red flag as the national flag, march of the volunteers as the national anthem, and Beiping as the capital, and renamed it Beijing, adopting the AD calendar. The congress also decided to build a monument to the people's heroes in Tiananmen Square, the capital, to express infinite respect and nostalgia for the revolutionary martyrs.
On the afternoon of June+10/October 1 Sunday, 2.65438, the Central People's Government Committee held its first meeting in the Qinzheng Hall of Zhongnanhai, announcing the inauguration of government leaders. The meeting decided to take "* * *" as the policy of the Central People's Government and appointed Zhou Enlai as the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the State Council (the State Council).
▲4. What is the historical significance of the founding of New China?
Domestic significance: The establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) opened a new era in the history of China. Since then, China has ended more than one hundred years.
To be invaded and enslaved and truly become an independent country; From then on, the people of China stood up and became the masters of the country.
World significance: The establishment of New China has strengthened the forces of world peace, democracy and socialism, and inspired the oppressed in the world.
A war that forced people to fight for liberation.
5. Peaceful liberation of Tibet: 195 1 year, the local government of Tibet sent a delegation headed by Ngapoi Ngawangjigme.
Beijing negotiated with the Central People's Government, and the two sides reached an agreement on the peaceful liberation of Tibet, and Tibet was peacefully liberated. So far, the mainland of the motherland has been reunified and the people of all ethnic groups have achieved great unity.
Lesson 2 the loveliest person
1. Reasons for the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea: (1) The so-called "United Nations Army" led by the US military crossed the "38th parallel" and reached the Yalu River on the border of China; US military aircraft violated China's airspace and bombed and strafed the northeastern border city of China; The US Seventh Fleet invaded the Strait of Taiwan Province Province in China and organized the People's Liberation Army to liberate Taiwan Province Province. American aggression has seriously threatened China's security. (2) Xi 'an requested the China government to send troops for assistance.
2. In order to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea and defend the country, Chinese people's Volunteer Army, with Peng as the commander, went to the front line of Korea to fight against the American invaders with the Korean army and people. 1953 in July, the United States was forced to sign an armistice agreement.
3. China Volunteers fought side by side with Korean soldiers and civilians and launched five large-scale campaigns in succession. Five wars and five wins drove the American aggressor troops back to the vicinity of the "38th parallel".
4. Huang Jiguang: a fighting hero in the Battle of Shangganling. In a battle, he blocked the enemy's machine gun with his body and covered his comrades to regain their positions.
5. Qiu: At the same time of the Battle of Shangganling, in order to ensure the victory of the Battle and the safety of the latent troops, Qiu strictly abided by the latent discipline and kept quiet until he was swallowed up by the fire and sacrificed heroically.
6. In the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, Chinese people's Volunteer Army developed a high degree of patriotism and revolutionary heroism, and was known as "the cutest person".
Lesson 3 land reform
1. Reasons, measures and significance of land reform
Reasons for land reform: (1) Before liberation, this feudal land system seriously hindered the development of rural economy and China society. (2) After the founding of New China, land reform has not been carried out in the newly liberated areas with a population of more than 300 million, and farmers urgently demand land reform.
Land reform measures: (1) 1950, the central government appointed the government to promulgate the Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China, which stipulated that the land ownership exploited by the landlord class should be distributed and the land ownership of farmers should be implemented. (2) 1950, land reform was carried out all over the country, and the land of landlords was confiscated and distributed to farmers who had no land or little land for farming. At the same time, give landlords their due share and let them farm their own land and start their own businesses. By the end of 1952, the land reform in Chinese mainland was basically completed.
The significance of land reform: the completion of land reform completely destroyed the feudal land system that existed in China for more than 2,000 years, and the landlord class was also eliminated; The peasants turned over, got the land and became the owners of the land. At this time, the people's political power was further consolidated and the rural productive forces were greatly liberated. The rapid recovery and development of agricultural production has prepared the conditions for the country's industrialization.
Second unit
Lesson 4 the beginning of industrialization
1, the background of the first five-year plan: (1) After the founding of New China, after three years of economic recovery, the national economy has been fundamentally improved, and industrial production has also exceeded the highest level in history. (2) However, the industrial level of China is still far behind developed countries, not as good as that of India.
In order to carry out socialist construction in a planned way, our government has formulated the first five-year plan to develop the national economy.
3. The basic tasks of the first five-year plan are: concentrate on developing heavy industry and lay the initial foundation for national industrialization and national defense modernization; Develop transportation, light industry, agriculture and commerce accordingly; Cultivate architectural talents accordingly. Time: 1953- 1957
3, the achievements of the first five-year plan:
1. Industry:1At the end of 953, individual projects such as large rolling mills in Angang were completed and put into operation. By 1956, Changchun No.1 Automobile Factory produced the first car; China No.1 Aircraft Factory successfully trial-produced the first jet; The first machine tool plant in China and the first machine tool plant in Shenyang were completed and put into operation.
2. Transportation: 1957, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was completed, connecting the north and south traffic of the Yangtze River. Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet and Xinjiang-Tibet highways have been built as "the roof of the world", which closely links the mainland of the motherland with the border areas and promotes economic and cultural exchanges. Third, the industrial base: the formation of the northeast industrial base; The original industrial bases in coastal areas have been developed; A number of industrial bases have also been established in North China and Northwest China. From then on, China began to change the face of industrial backwardness and move towards socialist industrialization.
4. The first constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) was promulgated: 1954. In September, the first National People's Congress was held in Beijing. National people's representatives get together to discuss state affairs. The Congress formulated the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC), stipulating that China adheres to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road, and all power belongs to the people. At this time, China's first socialist constitution was also the one that truly reflected the interests of the people in the history of China.
Lesson 5 Three Major Reforms
1, ▲ What are the three major transformations? What is the essence? How did you do it? What's the point?
(1) Three major transformations refer to the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce by the state.
(2) Completion: Agriculture: The socialist transformation of agriculture by the state is mainly to organize scattered individual farmers and guide them to join agricultural production cooperatives and take the road of socialist prosperity.
Handicraft cooperative: 1956, more than 90% of the individual craftsmen have joined the handicraft production cooperative.
Capitalist industry and commerce: the state carries out socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce, gradually develops public-private partnerships of enterprises, and implements a redemption policy for the means of production occupied by capitalists.
(3) Significance of the three major transformations: By the end of 1956, the country had basically completed the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce, and realized the task of transforming private ownership of the means of production into socialist public ownership. China initially established the basic socialist system and entered the primary stage of socialism. In the later period of socialist transformation, there are also shortcomings such as too high requirements, too rough work and too rapid changes.
Lesson 6 Exploring the Road to Building Socialism
1, a good start to explore the road of building socialism:1The Eighth National Congress of the Production Party of China held in 1956 clearly pointed out that the main tasks of the Party and the people at present are to develop social productive forces, realize national industrialization and gradually meet the people's growing material and cultural needs.
2.▲ What mistakes have occurred during the period of exploring socialist construction? Why? What are the lessons? How did you correct your mistakes later?
Error: (1) 1958, the CPC Central Committee put forward the general line of "building socialism with all efforts, striving for the upper reaches, and building socialism quickly and economically". (2) The Great Leap Forward and the People's Communalization Movement
Reasons: (1) The Party and the people have insufficient understanding of the stage of socialist development in China; (2) Lack of experience in building socialism; (3) They are eager for success; (4) They ignored quite a few economic laws.
Lesson: We should respect objective economic laws, seek truth from facts and proceed from reality.
Correction: 196 1 year, the national economy was adjusted and production resumed, and certain results were achieved; 1978 The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party decided to stop using the slogan of "focusing on class struggle" and made a decision to shift the focus of the Party's work to economic construction and implement reform and opening up.
3. Achievements in socialist construction: The petroleum industry is particularly prominent. The completion of Daqing Oilfield ended the era of China's dependence on foreign oil and realized self-sufficiency in crude oil and petroleum products. Emerging electronics industry, atomic energy industry and aerospace industry have been developed.
4. Model figures: Daqing oil worker Wang Jinxi, "Iron Man" Deng Jiaxian, "Two Bombs and One Satellite" founding father Jiao Youlu, "Party's good cadre", Lei Feng's good warrior spirit: the spirit of hard work, close contact with the masses and serving the people wholeheartedly.
5 What caused the economic difficulties of 1959- 196 1 China? The great leap forward and the people's commune movement, there are still three years of natural disasters.
Lesson 9 reform and opening up
1, household contract responsibility system: After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Party and the government implemented the policy of reform and opening up. Reform begins in rural areas to mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for production and promote rural economic development. Xiaogang village in Fengyang, Anhui Province first implemented the farmland-to-household quota system and was responsible for its own profits and losses. Subsequently, under the guidance of the central government, the rural areas gradually implemented the household contract responsibility system, agricultural production was greatly developed, and rural areas began to become rich. With the development of agricultural production to specialization, commercialization and socialization, rural township enterprises have also developed rapidly, opening up a new road for rural prosperity and modernization.
3.▲ What is the opening pattern of China? How is it formed? ▲
Pattern: Special economic zones-coastal open cities-coastal economic open areas-inland, such an all-round, multi-level and wide-ranging opening-up pattern.
Formation process: (1) 1980, China established four special economic zones in Guangdong: Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen, Fujian.
(2) Later, Guangzhou, Shanghai and other 14 coastal cities were opened, Hainan Special Economic Zone was added, and Shanghai Pudong Development Zone was established. Pudong Development Zone has developed into an international economic center and financial center. Subsequently, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim and other economic open areas were opened. Now, open areas have developed from coastal cities to inland areas.
4. State-owned enterprise reform: Since 1985, urban reform has been carried out in an all-round way, with the focus on state-owned enterprise reform. It is carried out in three aspects: (1) developing the original single public ownership economy into a diversified ownership economy with the public ownership economy as the main body; (2) State-owned enterprises should adapt to the separation of government from enterprise, gradually expand their autonomy in production and operation, and implement the management responsibility system; (3) The system of coexistence of distribution according to work and various modes of distribution shall be implemented.
4. 1992 After the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed the establishment of a socialist market economic system, the reform of state-owned enterprises was accelerated, and large and medium-sized enterprises promoted the company system and joint-stock system, and moved towards the establishment of a modern enterprise system; Small enterprises should speed up enterprise reform through reorganization, alliance and other forms.
5.▲ What measures have been taken in rural areas after the founding of the People's Republic of China? What inspiration did you get from it?
(1)1950-1952 land reform abolished feudal land ownership, farmers got land, and agriculture developed rapidly. (2)1953-1956, farmers actively participated in agricultural production cooperatives and embarked on the socialist road. ⑶ 1958, the people's commune movement was launched in rural areas, and left-wing mistakes such as exaggerating the wind appeared, which seriously damaged agricultural production. 196 1 year, the party and the government adjusted the national economy and resumed the development of production. (4) Since1978, the household contract responsibility system has been implemented in rural areas, which has made agriculture develop rapidly. 5. Enlightenment: The formulation of policies should be in line with China's national conditions, and the relations of production should be suitable for the development of productive forces.
Building socialism with China characteristics
1. Why can Deng Xiaoping become the chief architect of reform, opening up and socialist modernization?
(1) Before the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, Deng Xiaoping proposed to carry out reform and opening up. (2) Deng Xiaoping pointed out that "to realize the four modernizations in China, we must adhere to the four cardinal principles." (3) * * * "Twelfth National Congress": 1982, Deng Xiaoping clearly put forward: "Go your own way and build socialism with China characteristics". (4) * * * "Thirteenth National Congress": 1987 expounded the theory of the primary stage of socialism and put forward the basic line of the party in the primary stage of socialism, that is, centering on economic construction, adhering to the four cardinal principles and persisting in reform and opening up. According to his vision, the 13th National Congress of communist party made a three-step strategic plan for the economic development in the primary stage of socialism.
In China's reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping solved a series of basic problems such as what socialism is and how to build it. He is the chief architect of China's reform, opening up and socialist modernization.
2. 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: 1992 China Producers' Party spoke highly of Deng Xiaoping's construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory and established its guiding position in the whole party. This congress formed the third generation of collective leadership with Jiang Zemin at the core.
3. The 15th CPC National Congress: 1997. After Deng Xiaoping's death, Jiang Zemin made a report on "Holding high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and pushing the cause of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century in an all-round way" at the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Party constitution regulation adopted by the congress: China's * * * production party takes Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory as its action guide. Establishing Deng Xiaoping Theory as the Party's guiding ideology is of great significance for building socialism with China characteristics.
What is the content and significance of1992' s southern tour speech?
Content: (1) The Party's basic line must remain unshakable for a hundred years. (2) The SAR does not have a surname of Zi; (3) bold reform and opening up, dare to try. (4) the key to seize the opportunity to develop oneself is to develop the economy, and development is the last word.
Significance: Deng Xiaoping's talk in the south further emancipated people's minds and had a far-reaching impact on the construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
5. The basic line of the primary stage of socialism: lead and unite the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country, take economic construction as the center, persist in reform and opening up, adhere to the Four Cardinal Principles, work hard through self-reliance, and build China into a prosperous, strong, democratic and civilized socialist modern country.
6. Three criteria for judging social organizations and capital surnames:
Whether (1) is conducive to the development of social productive forces; (2) Whether it is conducive to improving comprehensive national strength; (3) whether it is conducive to improving people's living standards.
Fourth unit
ethnic unity
1, regional ethnic autonomy: In the long-term historical development of our country, all ethnic groups have formed an interdependent and inseparable relationship in politics, economy and culture, and gradually formed a pattern in which all ethnic groups with the Han nationality as the main body live together in small communities. When preparing for the new China, China Producers' Party suggested that all ethnic groups in the country should be equal, and regional ethnic autonomy should be implemented in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. This proposal embodies the common aspirations of all ethnic groups and is warmly welcomed by revolutionary groups. Five provincial ethnic autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) and many autonomous prefectures and counties have been established. Regional ethnic autonomy is of great significance to the reunification of the motherland, ethnic equality, ethnic unity and regional development, and has become a basic national policy and political system in China.
2. Common development of all ethnic groups: After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the central people's government implemented the policy of common development of all ethnic groups, and ethnic minority areas developed rapidly.
Nowadays, the economy of ethnic minority areas has become an important part of national economic development. With the economic development in these areas, the living standards and cultural level of ethnic minority people have been greatly improved. Since the central government put forward the strategy of developing the western region, there has been a new atmosphere of large-scale development and development in the western region with a large minority population.
The return of Hong Kong and Macao
1, one country, two systems: After entering the new period of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping creatively put forward the great concept of "one country, two systems" from the perspective of safeguarding the fundamental interests of the motherland and the Chinese nation. "One country, two systems" means that within People's Republic of China (PRC), the mainland implements the socialist system, while Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong and Macao implement the capitalist system. "One country, two systems" has pointed out the prospect for realizing the great cause of the motherland's reunification and won praises from people at home and abroad.
2. Return of Hong Kong: Sino-British negotiations were completed in 1984.
On July 1997, 1 resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and established the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, which is directly under the Central People's Government.
3. Return of Macao: 1987 Sino-Portuguese negotiations completed. 199965438+resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao on February 20th.
4. Significance of reunification: The return of Hong Kong and Macao has cleared away a century of national humiliation, marking an important step for China to complete the great cause of reunification of the motherland.
cross-Strait exchanges
1, ▲ What is China's basic policy toward Taiwan? How is it formed?
The policy is "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems"
Formation: (1) After the founding of New China, Taiwan Province Province was definitely liberated. (2) In the mid-1950s, the idea of liberating Taiwan Province Province by peaceful means was established. (3) After the reform and opening up, the Party and the government have established the major policy of peaceful reunification of the motherland. (4) Soon after, on the basis of Deng Xiaoping's scientific concept of "one country, two systems", the basic policy of "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" was formed, and a series of measures were taken to ease cross-strait relations and promote the great cause of the motherland's reunification.
2. From 65438 to 0987, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province began to be forced to adjust the "three noes" policy (no contact, no negotiation and no compromise), and opened Taiwan Province residents to visit relatives in the mainland, and gradually adopted some opening measures in economic and cultural exchanges. The isolation of compatriots on both sides of the strait for nearly 38 years has finally been broken. Historical changes have taken place in cross-strait relations.
3. 1990, Taiwan Province Province established the Cross-Strait Exchange Foundation, and Chinese mainland established the Cross-Strait Relations Association the following year. The two sides authorized the two NGOs to start economic and commercial talks and political dialogue. 1992 the two associations reached a consensus that "both sides of the Taiwan Straits adhere to the one-China principle". The following year, Wang Daohan, president of ARATS, and Gu, chairman of ARATS, held talks in Singapore, and put "strengthening cross-strait economic exchanges to achieve mutual benefit" into an agreement, and reached an understanding on developing cross-strait economic, scientific, technological and cultural exchanges. The development of cross-strait relations has taken a historic and important step.
4.1At the beginning of 995, Jiang Zemin put forward eight propositions to develop cross-strait relations and promote the process of peaceful reunification in view of new situations such as cross-strait relations. These include: "Adhering to the one-China principle is the basis and prerequisite for achieving peaceful reunification"; "Negotiations on the peaceful reunification of the two sides of the Taiwan Strait can be carried out step by step"; "strive for peaceful reunification, but do not promise to give up the use of force"; "Not affected by political differences and interfering with cross-strait economic cooperation"; "Compatriots on both sides of the strait should inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of Chinese culture"; "Leaders of the two sides exchange visits in appropriate capacities" and so on. These eight propositions are the guiding ideology for promoting the process of peaceful reunification of the motherland in the new period.
5. Increasingly close exchanges: the situation of mutual promotion, complementary advantages and mutual benefit and win-win between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait has initially taken shape.
6. The differences between Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province:
Hong Kong and Macao were once occupied by foreign invaders, and their return belongs to the struggle to safeguard national sovereignty and resist foreign aggression. Taiwan Province Province is controlled by other parties in China, and its problem is the contradiction within democracy.
Articles on knowledge points in the second volume of eighth grade history:
1. Key points of history in the second volume of Grade 8.
2. Notes on knowledge points in the second volume of eighth grade history
3. Junior high school history knowledge points summary Grade 8 Volume II
4. High-quality summary of knowledge points in the second volume of junior high school eighth grade history
5. Summary and arrangement of knowledge points in the second volume of eighth grade history of People's Education Edition
6. Organize the knowledge points of the second volume of the eighth grade history book.
7. Three knowledge points in the history of the second volume of the eighth grade
8. The second volume of the history of the second day of the second day must recite all the knowledge points and get the final exam!
9. Summary of junior high school history knowledge points Grade 8 (Volume II)
10. Compilation of compulsory education knowledge points in the second volume of eighth grade history