First, let's think about the world.
First, everyone wants a beautiful "world order". To realize this new order, we must "review the past view of world history" and cooperate with the existing world to create the future world order.
Second, the world order and the world view of history often interact and present a dialectical relationship.
Third, learning world history can be seen with a sincere heart in childhood; However, we must renew our thinking, use our brains and produce historical thinking.
Second, the world map 500 years ago: The world maps of different times (such as China, European Christians in the Middle Ages, and the world map after overseas exploration in the late Middle Ages) show the "world view" of different times, that is, the world history that people knew at that time.
The view of world history in the past 500 years;
1. Background: 1. Overseas exploration began at the end of15th century. The rise of major European countries along the North Atlantic opened a new world history and contributed to the reconstruction of the world order.
2. With the emergence of various views on world history, scholars at that time wanted to transcend the old view of history of medieval Christianity and position their history in the new view of world history.
Second, the British Larry's "World History":
1. Life:16th century was born in a gentry family. He once held an important position in the imperial court and was chartered by the Queen to North America in an attempt to establish a permanent colony, but failed to withdraw to Britain. However, at the end of16th century, he led troops to attack South America, and introduced peace. Since then, she has made outstanding achievements in Parliament, but after the Queen's death, she became a victim of political struggle.
2. Works: World History, a masterpiece of Larry after he was locked up.
3. Content and historical view: a. Divide world history into three periods: a. Pre-Christian period. B. the Christian period. The English era.
B. Evaluation: Larry interweaves personal subjective world order with historical events, and it has become a historical development trend to replace Christianity with secular countries, which is enough to explain the relationship between world history view and world order.
Third, the change of westerners' views on China:
1. Admire China:1In the 6th century, the Spanish wrote The History of the Great China Empire, describing that the Ming Dynasty was a powerful and efficient centralized country. This view lasted about 100 years and reached its peak in the century.
2. Suppressing China: Since the Enlightenment, Europe has experienced the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution, which are changing with each passing day, making westerners more conceited, taking their own history and culture as the world center and belittling the history of other countries.
Four, the transformation of the two world wars:
1. At the end of World War I, German scholar Bingler published a book about the decline of the West, predicting that the western culture was about to decline, full of disappointment and pessimism.
2. World War II: Anglo-American law called for the maintenance of a free economic and trade system and the maintenance of democracy and freedom. On the other hand, Russia wants to spread capitalism to the world. Germany seeks to make a comeback and dominate the world. Each has his own opinion.
3. Changes of American historical view after World War II
A. 194 1 Ruth (the founder and editor-in-chief of Life and Time) declared that the 20th century was an "American story". Until the Cold War, many historians were still convinced.
B. Changes since the Vietnam War: The Vietnam War frustrated the national situation in the United States, domestic social movements emerged one after another, politics fell into a trough, and people lost their optimism and self-confidence.
C.20 Since 1980s, the international status of the United States has been rising day by day, and the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1990s; The collapse of the * * * party regime has made the United States once again the only powerful country in the world, restored Americans' confidence, looked at history in another way and planned their role in the century order.
Fourth, cultivate our historical thinking (think more and read more)
1. Historical knowledge is partly based on objective facts, but also inevitably incorporates subjective opinions, which is closely related to the real environment and lacks absolute objectivity.
Second, learn history, don't just memorize it, you must analyze, observe and comment on gains and losses at different levels; We should also pay attention to the changes of time and the trend of the times, thus forming a certain "historical thinking." (History will be useful)
Section 2 Multiculturalism and Historical Thinking
1. Hu's story: This story reflects that when different cultures are in contact, they often don't understand, lack communication, and hold their own opinions, which is easy to misunderstand and even lead to conflicts and tragedies. At the same time, it also shows the importance of understanding other cultures, and we must treat other cultures with respect and tolerance.
Second, the culture of traditional historians.
1. Culture: Generally speaking, culture refers to spiritual expression, ideological level and its activities; But after 1960, great changes have taken place. Culture generally refers to the overall performance of human activities, covering spiritual, ideological, material and other levels.
Second, the Germanic scholars:
1.1In the 8th century, German scholars attached importance to the study of "cultural history", so they also attached importance to ideological and spiritual aspects.
2. Reason:
A. Ideological characteristics: Since the 15th century, Germans have emphasized intuition, imagination and insight.
B. Political separation:18th century, Germanic was just a geographical term with many nationalities.
C. economic backwardness: the economy is still dominated by agriculture, and industry and commerce are backward.
D. psychological factors: because there is no unified country, writing national history is a chore; If you write a history of civilization, you may expose your identity and lose your equal international status.
3. Purpose: A. German scholars can best meet their needs by talking about history from the spiritual and ideological levels; We can also affirm the harmonious "national spirit" of Germanic countries under the chaotic political situation.
B. by belittling material civilization, the value of ideology and culture has been enhanced.
4. Influence: Since the Napoleonic Wars, nationalism has flourished in Europe and the United States. Many countries pay special attention to their own culture in history education and learning from Germanic countries in order to cultivate national spirit.
Third, the lack of traditional historians: before 1960
1. People think that educated and qualified ideas are almost all elites from society. And classify their achievements, and summarize various trends of thought and fashion.
2. Ignoring that culture is the overall result of the co-creation and mutual influence of all groups in human society also ignores the essence of each culture.
3. Too much worship of individuals, expecting sages and heroes, and committing elitism and idealism. Superstition about idols and heroes, and the wrong idea that "heroes create situations".
Four. Eurocentrism:
1. Development: A:1The values that began in the Enlightenment and the achievements of the industrial revolution in the 8th century.
B In the19th century, with the outward expansion of neo-imperialism and colonialism, it flourished and even dominated the world.
2. Lack: Today, there are still historians who use this theory to write world history, but scholars in non-western regions have also been infected with this trend, forming a mentality of blindly worshipping western culture and despising themselves.
On the Historian Culture in Recent Years —— Concurrently on the Multiculturalism since the 1960s.
Background: Western society is changing rapidly, and various ideological trends and social movements have sprung up. Instead of the western world, all kinds of consciousness and autonomy have improved.
Second, the trend:
1. Scholars regard "culture, thought" and "economy and society" as coexisting and interacting at any time, so there is no pure materialism or idealism in history. We should look at the relationship between "culture and society" from a gender perspective and pay attention to their interaction.
2. Scholars no longer regard culture as a purely abstract concept, but affirm that there is an inseparable relationship between cultural thought and power, because power is everywhere, and only the existence of formal power can help us understand the more internal nature of cultural phenomena.
3. Scholars pay more and more attention to the bottom society and mass culture (or mass culture), and further point out the autonomy of the bottom society and its profound influence on the whole society. However, scholars do not deny the contribution of elites; Society must have all-round interaction and communication in order to stimulate the vitality of creative culture.
4. Scholars advocate diversified thinking and refute various forms of cultural centralism.
A mainstream or core culture should not be used to deny the value of non-mainstream or cutting-edge culture.
B. People should talk about multiculturalism from the perspective of the whole world, and don't over-deny the achievements of European culture, but also guard against arrogance and rashness.
C multiculturalism is an established fact, and it can also cultivate an open-minded way of thinking.
In the last two hundred years, there have been three "anti-enlightenment" thoughts: one is the movement of/kloc-0 in the first half of the ninth century. The first is the ideology and culture from 1890 to 1930. ※. Finally, there are cultural and social movements in the 1960s. This reflects the trend of diversification within western society.
People should note that "culture is the result of the combination of external plasticity and independent creation." ※.」