In the history of China, the "Four Big Rice Markets" were formed because rice was concentrated in a certain place. Because the four rice markets are all in the south of the Yangtze River, they are also called "the four rice markets in the south of the Yangtze River", and some of these four rice markets are still youthful today. The formation of "rice market" has two major factors: first, it is located in the center of rice production, and Mi Yuan is extensive and easy to concentrate; Second, the transportation is convenient and the land and water transportation is developed. Special attention was paid to water transport in ancient times. For a long time, there are two opinions on the identification of "four big rice markets". Except Jiujiang in Jiangxi, Wuhu in Anhui and Wuxi in Jiangsu, Changsha in Hunan and Shashi in Hubei are controversial. Hunan and Hubei are both land of plenty. The land and water transportation in Shashi and Changsha were developed in ancient times, and they were also prosperous towns in ancient times. At that time, the commodity trade was comparable, and it could be an important distribution center for rice.
Wuxi is located in the south of Jiangsu Province, between the northern shore of Taihu Lake and Shanghai-Nanjing, where the Grand Canal and the Xicheng Canal meet. The 800-mile Taihu Lake has many water systems and fertile soil, and convenient transportation has contributed to the prosperity of agriculture, industry and commerce here since ancient times. This has always been a grain and oil distribution center. In the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922), a commercial port was established. Today, the rice market here still has trade with China provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. Wuxi is located in the south of Jiangsu Province, bordering Taihu Lake in the south, Huishan Mountain in the west and Taihu Lake water network plain in the north. It is the intersection of Shanghai-Nanjing Railway, Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, Xicheng Highway and Xicheng Canal. Wuxi Jianxian County, which was founded in the Qin and Han Dynasties, has been in use ever since. Historically, it used to be a famous land of plenty in China, and it was known as the first of the four rice markets in China, and it was also one of the earliest birthplaces of national capitalists in China. As early as the heyday of grain transportation in Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuxi was already a famous grain market in the south of the Yangtze River, a concentrated place of grain transportation in Taihu Lake Basin and Zhejiang Province. During the Qianlong period, Wuxi's grain throughput reached 78 million stone. 19 At the end of the 20th century, the grain storage capacity was the highest in the southeast provinces, and the grain processing industry became the five major rice milling centers in China. Since the reform and opening up, Wuxi rice market has been active and its business has spread all over the country. In order to meet the needs of the reform of grain circulation system and the new round of market reform and development, the function and taste of Wuxi rice market will be comprehensively improved, and the national market signboard of Wuxi Grain and Oil Center Wholesale Market will be restored. Wuxi rice market is mainly composed of north and south markets. South Market is based on Wuxi Grain and Oil Transfer Reserve, which has the advantages of railway grain and oil dedicated line and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal rice wharf, and mainly deals in bulk grain such as rice, wheat, soybeans and corn. The northern market is dominated by the existing Wuxi grain and oil market, and the spot trading of finished grain and oil mainly meets the needs of residents in Xicheng and surrounding areas. Sanliqiao, the suburb, is the largest grain and oil market in China, 1990, ranking first among the four rice markets.
Wuxi is a subtropical monsoon climate, warm and humid, with many places of interest. Chong'an Temple in the Northern Song Dynasty, Xi Hui Park under Huishan Mountain, Er Quan and Mingjichang Garden in the Tang Dynasty, and Longguang Temple and Longguang Tower on the Western Hill. At the beginning of the 20th century, Liyuan, Meiyuan and Yuantouzhu (also known as Hengyun Park) were built in the lakeside area. From Taibo to Wu, from being the first of the four great painters in China, from representing the integrity of China intellectuals to writing China's only top ten world famous song "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon", Wuxi has a written history of civilization for thousands of years. As for China's modern famous figures such as Xu Beihong, Qian Zhongshu and Sun, everyone will be familiar with them. In modern times, there were national industrial giants Rong Desheng and Rong Brothers, and red capitalists Rong Yiren and Rong Zhijian. In the 1970s, Wuxi was one of the main birthplaces of Chinese township enterprises, and its economic development has been among the best in cities of the same size in China. Changsha is located in central and eastern Hunan, the lower reaches of Xiangjiang River and the eastern part of Hunan. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has been the political, military, economic, cultural and educational center of Huxiang region, with a long history, splendid culture and a gathering of celebrities. Changsha is a city with Yupu as the land, Pearl as the water, Yuelu as the screen and Xiangjiang as the belt. The land and water are floating in the heart of Bijiang River, Liuyang winds around the suburbs, lakes are dotted with hills, and the city outline is patchy. During this period, the Tang Dynasty has formed the style of a landscape city. Changsha has a recorded history of more than 3000 years, and the formation and construction of the ancient city of Changsha also has many characteristics. Changsha itself is a historical relic, with ancient and modern city sites and ancient and modern city centers overlapping. There are only a handful of cities in China that have continued from the Warring States Period to the present. Ding Wangtai and Jia Yi's former residence in Han Dynasty, gardens and temples in Tang and Five Dynasties, academies in Song Dynasty, Wang Fu and Chengge in Ming Dynasty all have their own characteristics and styles. Although Changsha suffered a fire in the evening, its unique ancient buildings, ancient gardens, ancient temples, ancient city ruins, ancient streets, ancient post roads and ancient rivers are still vivid. Changsha rice market occupies an important position in the commercial history of Changsha, and its embryonic form can be traced back to the late Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, Tanzhou had been able to build large ships to carry rice and transport rice to and from Xiangjiang River. In the early years of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, thousands of boats transported rice on Xiangjiang River and sold it directly to Hankou, and then to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which was a great success. The Yisu River near Changsha has become a gathering area of 100 valleys. Compared with granaries, rice bags are closed, and the annual trade volume reaches more than 2 million tons. 1726 (the fourth year of Yongzheng), the Qing government issued a document by the vassal department to open various dental shops and provide trading places, and the rice market was formally formed. There are 35 tooth shops in Changsha Town, of which 24 are grain shops. The prosperity of Changsha grain store attracted Xiaomi Town near Changsha to gather in the provincial capital. At the same time, there have been artificial mills, cattle mills and even machine mills that process rice into rice for sale. During Guangxu period, there were 500 workshops in Changsha, most of which were located along the river from Bixiang Street to Caochaomen, especially Chaozong Street, so it was called Mi Street. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Changsha's grain industry began to divide into four natural industries: rice milling based on processing, grain depot based on grain storage, grain store based on valet trading and pure retail rice store. 1908, Zeng Guofan's son-in-law Nie Jigui opened Xie Feng Grain Depot in Changsha. The prosperity of Changsha rice market is mainly based on the relatively developed grain production in Hunan Province, in addition to Changsha's special geographical and economic status. At that time, the total grain output ranked third in the country, second only to Guangdong and Sichuan. The rice market declined after the Wenxi fire in Changsha. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, it gradually recovered. By 1947, there were more than 700 enterprises in Changsha's grain industry.
The climate in Changsha is changeable in spring, with abundant sunshine in summer and autumn, short cold period and long hot summer period. There are many places of interest and revolutionary memorial sites in Changsha, including Mawangdui Han Tomb, Yuelu Academy, Lushan Temple, Qingshuitang, Chuanshan Society and the First Normal University. Attractions include Orange Island and Love Night Pavilion. Changsha's commerce has flourished since ancient times, and its handicraft industry has developed. In the 30th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1904), Changsha officially opened its ports for trade. During the Republic of China, Changsha rice market and gold, currency, silk, paper and other industries were famous all over the country. Many commercial streets and famous time-honored brands appeared in Changsha, which was known as the land of plenty, fireworks, Hunan embroidery, pottery and so on. Jiujiang, called Xunyang, Chaisang and Jiangzhou in ancient times, is a prefecture-level city in Jiangxi Province. It is a famous cultural city in Jiangnan with a history of more than 2,200 years.
Jiujiang is located in the north of Jiangxi Province, at the junction of Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui and Hunan provinces. The intersection of the Yangtze River and Beijing-Kowloon Railway is between east longitude 1 13 57' and north latitude 1 16 53'. The whole territory is 270 kilometers long from east to west and 140 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of 18823 square kilometers, accounting for1/0.3% of the total area of Jiangxi Province.
Jiujiang is a regional central port city in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, one of the first five cities opened to the outside world along the Yangtze River in China, and it is also a transitional zone for the eastern coastal development to advance to the central and western regions. Known as "the mouth of three rivers, the thoroughfare of seven provinces", "the land of the world" and "the north gate of Jiangxi".
Jiujiang is a sub-central city in Jiangxi Province, one of the dual-core cities with the integration of Changsha and Jiujiang, and one of the planned cities for the development of urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Jiujiang is positioned as a new engine for the construction of Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone, an advanced manufacturing base in the central region, a shipping hub and international gateway in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and a demonstration zone for regional cooperation and innovation in Jiangxi Province. According to the 20 14 new urbanization plan of Jiangxi province, Jiujiang metropolitan area is one of the three major metropolitan areas in Jiangxi province. [ 1]
Jiujiang is one of the "Four Big Rice Markets" and "Three Big Tea Markets" in history, and has successively won the honorary titles of "China Excellent Tourist City, National Double Support Model City, National Landscaping City, National Advanced Barrier-free Construction City, Top Ten Charming Cities in China, Top Ten Livable Cities in China, Typical Landscape City in China and Best Leisure Tourism City in China".
Jiujiang has beautiful scenery and pleasant scenery, and has the reputation of "nine schools in Xunyang County, which are as clear as painting". Two-thirds of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, is located in Jiujiang, where the world cultural landscape heritage Lushan Mountain, Tolin Temple, the birthplace of Pure Land Sect, the West Sea of Lushan Mountain in Qiandao Lake, Jiangxi Province, and Longyuan Gorge in Jiuzhaigou, Central China are all located.
Jiujiang is adjacent to Poyang Lake in the east, Yangtze River in the north, Mufu Mountain in the west, and Lushan Mountain in Nanping City. It is the north gate of Jiangxi, and it is a beautiful city with a long history.
During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, Jiujiang belonged to Jing and Yangcheng, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, it belonged to Wudong and Chuxi, known as the head of Wu and the tail of Chu. After Qin Shihuang unified China, Jiujiang was established as one of the 36 counties, named Jiujiang, also known as Jiangzhou. Since Qin Dynasty, seven names have been used: Jiujiang, Chaisang, Jiangzhou, Xunyang, Runan, Ganyu and Dehua. Jiujiang place names have been used since the Ming Dynasty. According to ancient records, Jiujiang, located at the mouth of Sanjiangyuan, is the main road of four major rivers, with seven provinces connected and merchants gathered. It is also one of the four rice markets and three tea markets in modern China, and one of the top ten ports of the Yangtze River Golden Waterway. It is located in the north of Jiangxi province, near the river and the lake, with unique scenery.
The source of commodity rice in Jiujiang is local rice. Jiujiang and its surrounding counties and cities are alluvial plains formed by the Yangtze River, Poyang Lake and Hexiu, as well as hills and valleys of the shogunate mountains, with mild climate and abundant rainfall. Historically, it is the land of plenty and the main source of Jiujiang rice market. The second is foreign tourists. Anhui and Hubei provinces adjacent to Jiujiang city are mainly rice along the river. This traditional circulation channel has continued to this day. Jiujiang rice market goes from Hankou to Shanghai, Shaoxing and Jinhua in Zhejiang, among which Shanghai and Hankou have the largest sales volume. Nanchang, the provincial capital, is a first-class rice distribution center in the province, which is distributed from Jiujiang to Shanghai and Han. Therefore, Nanchang is the main supplier and rice processing base of Jiujiang rice market. Jiujiang is the outlet of the throat. Foreign businessmen from Jiangxi go to Jiangxi to buy rice, and most of them go to Jiujiang to discuss business, and go through the formalities of rice leaving the country at Jiujiang Customs until it is shipped out of the country. The transfer points of Jiujiang rice market in northern Jiangxi are Hukou, Tujiabu and Wucheng. These three towns are close to rivers and lakes, so water transportation is very convenient. Jiujiang became a rice market, and the hukou played a great role. Tujiabu, located at the intersection of Xiushui and Nanxun Railway, is a key grain area in northern Jiangxi, importing and exporting tens of thousands of kilograms of grain every year. Grain flows, and some Nanxun routes Jiujiang to leave the country; Part of it goes from Xiushui to Wucheng, and exits through Hukou to Wuhan, Shanghai, Nanjing and other places.
At the peak of Jiujiang rice market, there were about 130 grain shops, which could be divided into three groups: one was Guangdong group, the other was Nanchang group, and the third was local group. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the development of national economic construction and the reform of circulation system, Jiujiang rice market experienced three major evolution processes: First, rice market began to flourish. From the early days of liberation to 1953, the government implemented the policy of grain free trade led by state-owned commerce. Second, the rice market is closed. From the end of 1953 to the end of 1983, China began to build a planned economy, but the policy of unified grain purchase and marketing has not changed for more than 30 years. Third, the period of rice market revival. From the end of 1984 to the beginning of 1985, Jiujiang rice market was restored and the market organization structure changed fundamentally. A river from the original exclusive monopoly, the release of water from a river, has become a situation in which various economies, channels and forms coexist. Jiujiang, a famous city in the south of the Yangtze River with a history of more than 2,200 years, belongs to the transition zone from middle subtropical zone to subtropical zone. It is the political, economic, cultural, tourism and transportation center of northern Jiangxi, and its strategic position is particularly important. 130 years ago was a foreign trade port, and 1992 was approved by the State Council as an open city along the river. Jiujiang tourist attractions are divided into six districts, two points and one line, with more than 300 places. Its elegant taste, rich connotation, complete categories and dense silk are unique in China and rare in the world. 6 scenic spots: Lushan Guling Scenic Spot, Lushan Shannan Scenic Spot, Lushan Shanxi Scenic Spot, Yongxiu County Scenic Spot, Xunyang Scenic Spot and Qingcheng Scenic Spot; Two points: Shi Zhongshan in Hukou County and Longgong Cave in pengze county; The first line: the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake. Jiujiang is a transitional zone from the eastern coast to the central and western regions, and it is in an extremely important position. Judging from the development of Jiangxi province, Jiujiang is the only foreign trade port city connecting the whole province with the Yangtze River Development Zone and the coastal open area. Wuhu is located in the southeast of Anhui, with the center geographic coordinates of 1 19 degrees east longitude 2 1 minute north latitude 3 1 minute. The city covers an area of 5,988 square kilometers and has a population of 3.84 million, of which the urban population is1280,000. Wuhu has a long history. The Spring and Autumn Period was the return of Wu to righteousness. As a county name, it began in 109 BC and has a history of more than 2000 years. Historically, Wuhu's agriculture, handicrafts and commerce were quite developed. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, there were many fireworks and towers. After the Southern Song Dynasty, especially in the Yuan Dynasty, Wuhu was already a prosperous town. Since the Ming Dynasty, it has gradually become an important commercial port in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Handicrafts such as sizing and dyeing are well known. The Ming Dynasty Song Dynasty wrote Heavenly Creations, saying that weaving is still in Songjiang (Shanghai) and pulp dyeing is still in Wuhu, forming a large-scale pulp dyeing workshop, which is called Wuhu Giant Store. In recent years, the stone tools, bones and various mammal fossils made by ancient humans found in the herringbone cave in Wuhu are between 2 million and 2.5 million years old, which traces the history of human activities in Asia back to 400,000 to 500,000 years. Dagongshan ancient copper mine site was the largest copper production base in China during the Spring and Autumn Period, Han and Tang Dynasties, and/kloc-0 was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council in 1996.
1876, the Yantai Treaty signed by China and Britain turned Wuhu and Wenzhou, Zhejiang into trading ports. The signing of this unequal treaty not only brought great impact to Wuhu's national economy, caused abnormal development, but also opened the door to Wuhu's opening to the outside world. 19 18 Wuhu customs' import and export value reached 3.5% of the national foreign trade in that year, and it is one of the trading ports in the Yangtze River basin. The Wu Shen Canal, which starts and ends in Wuhu and Shanghai, closely links Wuhu with the economy and culture of Jiangsu, Wuxi, Nanjing and Hangzhou. After the opening of Wuhu, a large number of foreign firms and companies entered Wuhu. At the same time, the spread of advanced science and technology also stimulated the development of modern industry in Wuhu. The earliest national industry in Anhui Province was established in Wuhu. 1883 Wuhu set up a wired telegraph line, which is the earliest city in the province to use telegraph. 1897 Yixin (Mechanical Mill) Rice Flour Company was the first one in China at that time. In 1930s, civil aviation also opened flights to Shanghai and Wuhan. After entering the 20th century, Wuhu's industry and commerce developed to more than 100.
Five or six thousand became the birthplace of modern industry in Anhui and one of the economic centers in the Yangtze River basin. Because of its superior geographical location and prosperous business, it was once called the backbone of Anhui and the giant port of the Yangtze River in history. Wuhu is known as the first of the four rice markets in China, and the starting point and birthplace of the rice market is today's Yijiang District. Yijiang District is commonly known as Henan, because it is located on the south bank of Qingyi River flowing into the Yangtze River. The coastal areas are densely populated and the market trade is quite prosperous. Guangtai Road and Huining Pool, which govern southern Anhui, are also located here. 1948 Wuhu Jiangguang Mihang Reconstruction Monument: In the eighth year of Guangxu, Gong (Li Hongzhang, posthumous title Wenzhong) asked the general to move the grain market from Zhenjiang No.7 to this place. It is a fact that Li Hongzhang supported the rice market, but the specific operator is Zhang (Zhang). During the Tongzhi period, he met Li, the governor of Guangdong. In the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), Li was appointed Governor of Huguang, Li Hongzhang was appointed Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, and Zhang was appointed as Guan Dao of Wuhu. Li Li advised Zhang to come forward and give advice to Li Hongzhang under the banner of prospering Wuhu commercial port, relying on the power of the imperial court to move Zhenjiang rice market to Wuhu. Li Hongzhang advocates that it is the best policy to let the rice merchants move by themselves. Discuss the results and formulate specific preferential measures to make rice merchants profitable. Zhang personally went to Zhenjiang, relying on the friendship of fellow villagers, and promised Guangchao Rice Industry to help Wuhu Guandao issue a license to specialize in rice industry, which has a patent in Wuhu; The rice packaging fee shall be paid by the seller; There is no additional price increase for foreign shipping water foot silver, that is, it is still calculated as Zhenjiang from Wuhu to Shanghai. Sure enough, Guangchao Fanbang invested in Wuhu and set up Fanhao. Followed by more than twenty Ning and Yan Gang. The four rice gangs are the pillars, which promote the rise of rice market with a mountain of sales and declining sales.
Li Fangjing, the son of Li Hongzhang, immediately seized this great opportunity and opened Yuan De Yu Square along Yanhe Road. Fumin Bridge in Henan (now Zhongshan Bridge) has a Hengfeng granary, which can store 20,000 to 30,000 tons of rented rice. Li Zhonghao, the son of Li, owns a pawnshop and Baoshan Changqianzhuang, and has set up branches in Shanghai, Hankou and Guangzhou, covering almost the business of rice merchants' lending, remittance application and Guangdong tickets. Li Zhonghao is also the general manager of Wuhu China Merchants Bureau. Bulk rice is exported by rotation, monopolizing water transportation. In the 800-mile Wanjiang area, especially in the Jiangbei area, the Li family owns tens of thousands of acres of fertile land, and it is only natural that rented rice should be converted into commercial grain. In a word, the rice market has brought business opportunities and rich profits to the Li family, and also promoted the prosperity of related industries. The grand rice market is spread along the banks of the long river, and the rice market in the south of the city is particularly prosperous. The county said: from Nanguan to pontoon bridge, there are rice noodles called heather. From the south exit of Fumin Bridge to the Property Management Supervision Department, there are many grain warehouses and official warehouses on the platform, forming a street, hence the name Kuzi Street. The address is Pu 'nan Street, Laiyuan, in front of Guan Jie, and then go to Yangming Academy. There is also a rice merchant house in Hengjie on the north bank of Jiangkou, which is a rice merchant organization mainly composed of four Hakka rice gangs. Zhang presided over the Henan Provincial Road Department, took effective public relations measures, formulated and implemented preferential policies for attracting investment, and opened Wuhu rice market, which was of great benefit to the development of local economy.
Modern Wuhu Rice Market was established on 1994 1 month 10 with the approval of Anhui Provincial People's Government, and the general manager responsibility system was implemented under the leadership of the board of directors. Wuhu Rice Market is located in Jinwan Rice Market Building, Jiuhua North Road, Wuhu City. It is adjacent to Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge in the west and Wuhu Airport in the east. There is a 5000-ton special grain wharf with convenient transportation, covering an area of 2. 1 hectare and a building area of 1.6 square meters. The annual service turnover of grain is 5 million tons.
Wuhu is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a subtropical humid monsoon climate, mild climate, abundant rainfall and four distinct seasons. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, the natural environment is full of pleasant scenery and human landscape. As early as the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Yuan Liang wrote a poem "Pan-Wuhu" to praise the scenery of Wuhu. Poets Li Bai, Wen and Du Mu in the Tang Dynasty and writers Mei, Wang Anshi and Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty all wrote poems about Wuhu. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the traditional eight scenic spots in Wuhu have been formed. In recent years, Wuhu people have created ten new Wuhu scenes. At the beginning of the new century, Wuhu's economic construction entered the fast lane, including automobiles and auto parts, new building materials, electronic appliances and so on. With Qingyi River as the boundary, there are economic and technological development zones in the north, and many well-known large enterprises gather. There is Wuhu High-tech Industrial Development Zone in the south, and the construction of projects focusing on culture, education and science and technology has been promoted in all directions. Between the north and the south, the business circle with Jiuzi Square and Zhongshan Road Pedestrian Street as radiation points is full of shops and unlimited business opportunities. The concept of Wuhu people keeps pace with the times. An export-oriented multifunctional modern city will surely shine along the Yangtze River in China in the 1980s, and Wuhu rice market will be reopened. At that time, the British media also reported accordingly. Britain once threatened the government of the late Qing Dynasty to divide parts of Wuhu into its colonies. Today, the top of Fan Luo Mountain in Wuhu still retains the then British Consulate in Wuhu. The British once ruled Wuhu Customs, the first foreign trade customs in modern Anhui. Now the Wuhu Riverside Project has transformed the modern Wuhu Customs Building in the original Wuhu Pier 8, and will establish a colonial museum to warn future generations.