Review of world historical knowledge 1
World science and technology since modern times
Renaissance science
Background: 1. The Renaissance and the Reformation. B, geocentric theory, _ _ _ _ _ _ is dominant, and people with progressive ideas are dissatisfied with the traditional explanation.
Copernicus: Poles put forward the sun-centered theory. Heliocentrism changed his understanding of the universe and fundamentally shook the theoretical basis of theology.
Galileo: A. The discovery of four moons of Jupiter provided evidence for Heliocentrism. (Italy) B. Create modern science with logical system based on experiments. C, known as the father of modern science, laid the foundation of Newton's classical mechanics.
1 and1classical mechanics in the 7th century.
Newton (British) Classical Mechanics
A, discover the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of Newtonian mechanics; B, the mathematical principle of natural philosophy, establish a complete mechanical system, and realize the first big leap in physics. C, unifying the motion of the universe with strict mathematical methods and logical systems is of decisive guiding significance for human beings to explain and foresee physical phenomena. D the discovery of Neptune is an example of proof.
Significance: A. Newtonian mechanics is the basis of classical physics and astronomy, and also the theoretical basis of modern engineering mechanics. B, marked the beginning of the era of human science, triggered the first scientific and technological revolution. It also laid a scientific foundation for the French Enlightenment and materialist philosophy.
2.19th century evolution theory
★ Background:/kloc-Before the 9th century, creationism was dominant, and the theory that God created man became the dogma of the church that imprisoned people's thoughts.
★ Contribution: 1859 published the Origin of Species, and established the theory of evolution based on natural selection. That is, natural selection, survival of the fittest. 187 1 year, published: further demonstrating that human beings evolved from apes.
★ Influence: A, fundamentally changed people's understanding of the biological world and people's position in the biological world B, Newton in the biological field.
3. The invention of the steam engine and the application of electrical technology.
(1) Watt and the invention of the steam engine;
★ Background: After the industrial revolution, the traditional animal power, wind power and water power were very unstable, which seriously restricted the in-depth development of the industrial revolution, and the development of productive forces called for new impetus.
★ Process: newcomen steam engine improved, and human entered age of steam.
(2) Application of electrical technology
★ An important invention related to electricity: Faraday electromagnetic induction. Edison invented and improved the electric light, telephone, telegraph and film.
★ Impact: Electrical technology provided convenient and cheap electricity and set off the second scientific and technological revolution. Science and technology are transformed into productive forces, capitalism has established its advantages in the world, and the world is more closely linked. Changed people's way of life.
4. A new breakthrough in physics in the 20th century.
(1) background:19th century, on the basis of classical mechanics, optics and electromagnetism have made great progress, and human understanding of nature has reached an unprecedented depth. The new discovery reveals the limitations of classical physics.
(2) New breakthroughs: relativity and quantum theory.
I. Theory of Relativity
★ Propose: In the 20th century, Einstein proposed the theory of relativity and became the greatest scientist after Newton.
★ Basic principles: the principle of relativity and the principle of invariability of light speed. (reading)
★ Meaning: the greatest revolution in physics. Matter in different states of motion can be widely explained, creating a brand-new field of physics. It breaks the absolute thinking mode of classical physics and provides a dialectical way of looking at the world.
B, micro-world: quantum theory
★ Proposed: Proposed by German physicist Planck in 1900. It is believed that radiation, like matter, is realized by the basic unit quantum with energy. Einstein put forward the quantum theory of light. Danish physicist Bohr put forward the theory of atom and quantum, and quantum mechanics was established.
★ Function: One of the most profound and successful scientific theories in the 20th century. Promote the development of productive forces and fundamentally change human material life.
★ Significance: It forms the foundation of modern physics and makes up for the deficiency of classical physics. It depicts a brand-new macro and micro world and changes people's perspective and way of looking at the world.
The emergence and development of modern information technology in the 20th century and its influence on human beings.
Computer and Network 1946, the first electronic computer was born in America. Development direction: a, larger storage capacity and faster operation; B, smaller, light and practical.
1969, the Internet came out, "Internet". Computers and networks have brought mankind into the information age. Store information-production office-home use-network world
Review of World Historical Knowledge II
/kloc-literary achievements since the 0/9th century
1 literature
(1) 18 The romantic Shelley Hugo from the late period to the 65438+1930s.
② Realism after 1930s Balzac Tolstoy 19
(3) the 20th century modernist writer Beckett marquez, etc.
2. Art
(1) Neoclassicism: David? Romanticism: Droklova? Realism: Miller and Lie Bin
Impressionism:
★ Background:19th century science and technology (optics) inspiration.
★ Features: Direct description of objects in the sun, pursuit of strong personal feelings.
★ Representative: Monet. Haystacks and Rouen Cathedral
(2) Modern art: the transition from tradition to modern form: Cezanne, Gauguin and Van Gogh. They describe the objective world (light and air atmosphere) from a new angle.
Modernism: exaggeration, distortion and abstraction, represented by Picasso in Spain.
3. Music Beethoven: Deeply influenced by the Enlightenment, he has a strong democratic spirit. The most important contribution is to combine vocal music with instrumental music and create a new form of symphony. As the representative of nine symphonies, such as Hero, Fate and Pastoral, it not only developed classical music to the peak, but also created romantic music.
4, film and television movies
(1) Film was born:1At the end of September, with a series of technological inventions such as photography technology, shortened exposure and continuous photography. French Lumiere brothers
(2) The silent film era: 1927 years ago.
(3) The father of modern movies: American Griffith.
(4) Outstanding representative: Chaplin. City light, modernity and the great dictator.
(5) Movies with sound: The world movies have entered an era of all-round prosperity.
(6) Television: 1929, invented by British Baird.
★ Function: A, the most important function is to spread information; B, an important means of distance education; C, entertainment; D. exhibition of outstanding works of art.
★ Influence: A scientific system that enriches human spiritual life, changes people's way of life and thinking, and has a far-reaching impact on modern society.
Knowledge collation of world history III
(a), the development of capital and justice? With the rise of capitalism, feudal society tends to decline;
1, capitalist economy-workshop handicraft industry and mercantilism
(1)/kloc-around the 4th century, capitalism sprouted in Italy, Florence, the Netherlands and other places; (2) From the perspective of productivity, capitalism is in the era of workshop and handicraft industry, and the early colonial activities, especially the price revolution after the opening of new air routes, promoted the development of capitalism; (3) From the perspective of production relations, capitalism is in the era of primitive accumulation, and the means of primitive accumulation include enclosure movement, workshop handicraft industry, colonial plunder and so on. During this period, European countries generally implemented mercantilist economic policies to promote primitive accumulation.
2, capitalist politics-the establishment of the basic system of capitalism:
(1) The Dutch Revolution was the first successful bourgeois revolution in human history. (2) Britain, France and the United States established the basic capitalist system in the early three bourgeois revolutions. The British bourgeoisie established a constitutional monarchy and opened the era of capitalism. The French Revolution swept the French feudal order and shocked the whole of Europe. The North American bourgeoisie has established democracy and polity, which is twofold in nature. (3) Feudal reforms in continental Europe objectively promoted the development of capitalism. On the whole, feudalism still prevailed.
3. Capitalist ideology-from Renaissance to Enlightenment;
(1) The Renaissance was the first ideological emancipation of capitalism. It used humanism as an ideological weapon against feudalism and theology and spread bourgeois ideas. (2) Modern natural science revolution began with astronomy revolution; (3) The Enlightenment made ideological and theoretical preparations for the arrival of capitalist society, promoted the outbreak of revolution and influenced the whole world.
(2) Colonial activities? In the early primitive accumulation stage, the means were barbaric:
1. Colonial countries and colonized areas: Spain and Portugal took the lead in colonizing, followed by Britain, France and the Netherlands, especially Britain. Colonies are mainly America, India and Africa.
2. The purpose of colonization: the purpose is to accumulate in a primitive way, and the means are barbaric, mainly including genocide, slave trade, plundering resources, etc. The British colonial way is relatively meaningful to development.
3. Colonization: After fierce competition, Britain defeated Spain (1588 defeated the Armada), the Netherlands (1the three Anglo-Dutch wars in the late 7th century) and France (1the Seven-Year War in the middle 8th century) successively, becoming the world's number one maritime power and colonial hegemon. It created conditions for Britain to take the lead in the industrial revolution.
4. Colonial consequences: It was a great disaster for the local people. For Europe, it has gained a lot of wealth, increased primitive accumulation, opened up markets for the development of capitalist workshops and handicrafts, and thus promoted the prosperity and development of Europe.
(3) National liberation? The duality of Latin American independence in North America;
1, the North American War of Independence established a democratic regime with separation of powers, which had far-reaching influence;
2. Latin American independence movement ended the colonial shackles of Spain and Portugal for more than 300 years and became a series of emerging countries.
(4) International relations? From colonial struggle to Napoleonic War;
1 and16-18th century, the core issue of international relations was the struggle for colonial hegemony, and Britain finally won. Its victory is due to its advanced economic and political system;
2. During the Napoleonic Wars, the struggle for hegemony on the European continent was the core of international relations. Feudal forces and revolutionary forces were intertwined, and finally the Vienna system under the balance of great powers was established.
(5) Globalization? The world is moving towards integration.
1. The opening of the new air route led to the commercial revolution, expanded the economic and cultural exchanges among various regions and nationalities in the world, and expanded the trade between Europe, Africa and Asia, which was closely related to the opening of America. Commodities from all parts of the world have gradually appeared in the European market. 2. The state of relative encouragement among the continents in the world has been broken, and the world has increasingly become an interactive and closely linked whole.
3. Colonization was the main driving force and form of world integration in this period.
The fourth arrangement of world historical knowledge
Capitalism in age of steam (1at the beginning of the 9th century? 65438+70s)
First, the stage characteristics:
This unit tells the world of age of steam, from1late 8th century to1late 9th century. This period is the stage when capitalism really defeated feudalism and established its leading position in the world. Economically, the industrial revolution made the productive forces transition to the stage of machine industry; Politically, the bourgeoisie has established a capitalist system in major countries in the world through revolution and reform; Ideological liberalism prevails; The workers' movement began to be independent and mature; The colonial expansion of the great powers has changed, and the colonial system has initially taken shape; Asia has set off an old-fashioned revolutionary storm; Globalization has made great progress, and the capitalist world market, colonial system and world system have taken shape.
The characteristics of specific historical stages are as follows:
(a), the development of capital and justice? Capitalism has established its dominant position;
1, capitalist economy? Industrial Revolution and Liberalism
(1) Productivity: The industrial revolution first occurred in Britain and spread to Europe and America, which greatly consolidated the ruling foundation of capitalism, fundamentally changed the world and made the bourgeoisie rule the world; (2) relations of production: the economic proposition of laissez-faire and free competition, that is, the prosperity of liberalism; (3) Economic crisis: Capitalism began to show its drawbacks; (4) World market: Capitalism initially formed the capitalist world market through industrial revolution and colonial activities.
2. Capitalist politics? The establishment of capitalist state system;
With the continuous expansion of the capitalist system, the capitalist system has been established in major countries in the world, forming a capitalist national system. (1) The 19 revolution and 1848 revolution in the 1920s and 1930s destroyed the feudal Vienna system; (2) The major countries in Europe, America and Asia swept away the obstacles to the development of capitalism in different forms from 186 1, American Civil War, German Renaissance and Meiji Restoration in Japan. The establishment of the capitalist state system.
3. Capitalism-liberalism flourishes:
Liberalism is the further development of rationalism, emphasizing economic laissez-faire, political individual equality, expanding democracy and perfecting the legal system. This has promoted the further improvement of capitalism.
(2) the workers' movement? The workers' movement rose and matured;
1. With the development of the industrial revolution, the workers' movement began to enter the historical stage independently, marked by 19 the three major workers' movements in 1930s and 1940s, including the workers' uprising in Lyon, France, the weavers' uprising in Silesia, Germany, and the British constitutional movement. Because in these movements, the working class put forward the political slogan of class independence.
2. The birth of Marxism indicates that the workers' movement has the guidance of scientific theory. There are many reasons for the birth of Marxism, marked by the publication of the manifesto of the * * * Production Party in February 1848.
3. The First International is the first joint organization of the international workers' movement, which was established in London in 1864, pushing the international workers' movement to a new stage. That is, an international joint stage with organization, leadership and theory.
4. The Paris Commune was the peak of the workers' movement in the era of free capitalism in the19th century, and it was a great attempt to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, but it failed because capitalism was still rising.
(3) Colonial activities? At the stage of commodity export, the colonial system was initially formed:
1, colonial countries and colonized areas: Britain, France, the United States, Russia, etc. The British colonial hegemony was consolidated. Colonies are mainly concentrated in densely populated Asia. 2. The purpose of colonization: the purpose is to seize the origin of raw materials and commodity markets by using cheap goods and armed invasion.
3. Colonial struggle: Britain took the lead, France followed, the United States participated, and Britain came first.
4. Colonial consequences: promoting the economic development of capitalist countries; It has brought profound disasters to the colonized areas, but it has also impacted the old system and old ideas; It has contributed to the initial formation of the world colonial system and closer world ties.
(4) National liberation? The traditional nature of Asian storms:
1, the North American War of Independence established a democratic regime with separation of powers, which had far-reaching influence;
2. Latin American independence movement ended the colonial shackles of Spain and Portugal for more than 300 years and became a series of emerging countries.
(5) International relations? Colonial struggle and continental hegemony;
1 and1in the 9th century, there were many struggles among great powers in the colonial struggle, among which the Crimean war between Britain, France and Russia for the Black Sea region was a far-reaching local international war.
2./kloc-In the 9th century, Russia, France and Germany fought fiercely for the hegemony of the European continent. The advantage of the mainland shifted from Napoleonic Empire to Russia, then to the Second Empire of France, and then to a unified Germany. Among them, Britain plays a key role in restricting mainland hegemony. Britain first helped Russia and others attack France, then helped France attack Russia, and then watched France fail in the Franco-Prussian War? This is determined by its policy of maintaining world hegemony and maintaining the balance of power in the mainland.
(6) Globalization? The world system was initially formed.
1, why? The industrial revolution has greatly promoted the globalization of the world, the further establishment of the capitalist system is the driving force, and colonial expansion is the direct driving force of globalization.
2. form The capitalist country system, the colonial system and the world market were initially formed, and the capitalist world system was initially formed.
3. Impact? It has promoted the development of capitalist countries, exerted a double influence on colonies and semi-colonies, made the world more closely linked, and promoted world progress as a whole.