The Eastern Jin Dynasty was aristocratic politics, which coexisted with the northern five lakes and sixteen countries. This historical period is also known as the Sixteen Countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the interior was once divided. The Eastern Jin Dynasty, before Sun Wu, followed by Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, were collectively referred to as the Six Dynasties.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty tried many times to explore the north, but because of internal disunity, nothing was achieved except the final usurpation of the throne by Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. Zu Ti had hoped to restore his old place, but he was taken hostage by Si Marui and died of depression.
Huan Wen's Northern Expedition was defeated by Mu Rongchui. In the eighth year of Taiyuan (383), Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty, led the troops to invade the south, and Xie Anli, the prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, took the lead in fighting, and sent Xie Shi and Xie Xuan to lead the army, which won a great victory in the battle of Feishui. Fu Jian fled to the north alone, which led to the separation of the north and the south. Later, Huan Xuan rebelled, abolished Andi and became the son of heaven. Later, he was leveled by the general. He supported Gongdi, but he lost power.
In the second year of Yuanxi (420), Emperor Wu abolished Gong Jin and established Liu Song. The Eastern Jin Dynasty perished, and the history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Thought: Because the rulers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty settled in the south of the Yangtze River and had no intention of restoring the Central Plains, the aristocratic families devoted themselves to the manor management in the south. Northern clans and a large number of Han Chinese migrated to the south of the Yangtze River, which made the celebrities in the south of the Yangtze River have more communication opportunities with the people in the Central Plains who crossed the river.
Promoted the development of social culture. Since Cao Wei, China's literary development has been in a period of great strides, among which the Eastern Jin literati are the most famous.
Xie Lingyun, a landscape poet, and Tao Yuanming, an pastoral poet, appeared in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. They reformed the old-style poetry, which created a prerequisite for the prosperity of poetry in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the aspect of social production, the handicraft technology in the north and the technology in the south merged with each other, which greatly improved the handicraft level in the Eastern Jin Dynasty compared with that in the Western Jin Dynasty.
Farmers in the north and indigenous farmers in the south made great efforts to explore the vast Shan Ye in the south, which promoted the development of the south of the Yangtze River and the economic development of the Yangtze River basin.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, dissolute behavior was somewhat restrained, but due to the advocacy of court dignitaries, the wind of speaking freely prevailed. At that time, the clansmen lived a rich life, and they liked to talk about Hyunri in famous ancient temples and villas and by the lake, becoming social activities. Regardless of the specific affairs, the imperial court and clan talked about Hyunri all day, which formed a decadent value concept, which led to the Eastern Jin court avoiding the important and neglecting the important.
Due to the spread of Buddhism to the east, Xu Yi and Sun Chuo added Buddhism to the conversation and stirred up the soup with metaphysics. Some monks, such as Zhu Fahu, Dao Lin and others, also joined in this conversation to convey Buddhism.
However, there are still people who are opposed to talking, mostly cold-hearted people. For example, Fei Li, Jiang Dun and Fan Ning in the Western Jin Dynasty, Zhan Ying, Tao Kan and Bian Hu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Fan Ning even wrote On Wang He, severely criticizing Yan He and Wang Bi. However, this discussion lasted for a long time until the decline of the Sui Dynasty and the end of the Middle Tang Dynasty.
Extended data:
Causes of corruption in the Eastern Jin Dynasty;
In the later period of Cao Wei, politics became increasingly corrupt and class contradictions became increasingly acute. At the same time, the opposition and struggle between the two factions headed by Cao Shuang and Sima Yi emerged within the ruling class. In 249 AD (the first year of Jiaping), Cao Shuang and others accompanied Cao Fang out of Luoyang for a southern tour of Wei Mingdi Mausoleum. Sima Yi took the opportunity to launch a coup in Luoyang and seize power in North Korea.
In 25 1 year, Sima Yi died of illness, and his son Sima Shi continued to take power. In 254, Sima Shi abolished Cao Fang and established Cao Maodi. The following year, Master Sima died and his younger brother Si Mazhao came to power. In 260 AD, Cao Pi was unwilling to be a puppet and led hundreds of servants to attack Si Mazhao and was killed. Sima Zhao established Cao Huan as emperor, and the regime was completely controlled by Sima Shi.
In 263 AD, Si Mazhao launched a war to destroy Shu Han, and sent Zhong Hui, Wargo and Zhuge Xu to attack Hanzhong in the east, middle and west. Shu Han, headed by Jiang Wei, formed the Resistance Army. According to Jiange Natural Barrier, it was at loggerheads with Wei Jun.
Wargo led elite troops into Yin Ping, captured Fucheng, and advanced to Chengdu. Liu Chan, the late ruler of Shu Han, surrendered without a fight. When Jiang Wei heard the news, he led his troops to surrender to Zhong Hui. After that, the mutiny failed, he committed suicide and Shu Han perished. In 266 AD, Cao Huan-chan, the emperor of Cao Wei, was located in the early Yuan Dynasty and became Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. Cao Wei perished and the Western Jin Dynasty began.
After Sima Yan succeeded to the throne, he learned from Cao Wei's experience of usurping the throne, established the county as a country, enfeoffed 27 kings with the same surname, and let the governors protect the royal family to rule the world, just like the Zhou Dynasty. After the reform in the early Western Jin Dynasty, the national strength was enhanced. However, in a few years, the royal family gradually decayed, while the aristocratic family was greedy and extravagant.
How do you eat a lot of money every day and say "no place to go"? Wang Kai and Shi Chong are more luxurious than who. Minister Fu Xian said that "extravagance is more than natural disasters" and asked the emperor to stop it, but Sima Yan was not only indifferent, but also helped his uncle fight for power and profit. Bureaucrats are not only extravagant, but also openly rob and kill people.
For example, Shi Chong made a secretariat of Jingzhou, saying that "merchants were robbed of wealth". Sima Yan is also arrogant and extravagant. Because he failed to solve the problems of political corruption, the rise of parties, the expansion of imperial clan forces, and the internal migration of foreigners, he buried the distant cause of the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia disaster in the future.
The Eight Kings Rebellion was a civil strife that lasted for 16 years (29 1-306 years) in the Western Jin Dynasty. The key figures in this power struggle are Sima Liang, Chu Sima Wei, Zhao Sima Lun, Qi Sima Yi, Wang Sima Wa in Changsha, Sima Ying in Chengdu, Sima Yu in Hejian and Sima Yue Eight Kings in the East China Sea.
In 290 AD (the first year of Taixi), after the death of Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, Yang Jun, the consort, was in charge of state affairs. Sima Zhong, the Emperor of Jinhui, was mentally retarded, and Jia Nanfeng, the Empress Dowager, tried to put herself in power.
In the first year of Yu Yongping (29 1), he conspired with Sima Yi, the king of Chu, to send troops to kill Yang Jun, but the regime fell to Sima Liang, the king of Runan, and the veteran Wei Guan. After the family's political ambitions failed to materialize. In June of that year, he asked Sima Yi, the king of Chu, to kill Sima Liang and Wei Guan, the king of Runan, and then falsely accused Sima Yi of killing the minister and put Sima Yi to death.
After the family came to power, Jia Mo, Zhang Hua, Pei Wei and others were appointed to maintain relative stability in the world. In 299 AD (the ninth year of Yuankang), despite the dissuasion of Zhang Hua and others, Queen Jia plotted to abolish Prince Sima Yi and killed him the following year. Sima Lun, the king of Zhao who commanded the imperial army, joined forces with Sima Tang, the king of Qi, and sent troops to waste his family and Zhang Hua. After that, Sima Lun took control of major policies.
After that, many rulers became ambitious and attempted to usurp power and rebellion. In 306 AD (the first year of Guangxi), Sima Yue welcomed Huidi back to Luoyang, and Sima Ying and Sima Yi were successively killed by him. Power fell to Sima Yue, and the Eight Kings Rebellion ended here.
In the sixteen years of the Eight Kings Rebellion, many kings who participated in the war were defeated one after another, many people were killed, the social economy of the Central Plains was seriously damaged, and the strength of the Western Jin Dynasty was exhausted. Since the Han Dynasty, many nomadic people have surrendered to the original dynasty attached to the middle school, and many Hu people have settled in Guanzhong, Jinghe and Weihe rivers, such as an arc around Luoyang and Jindun. The situation is extremely unfavorable.
In the early years of Jin Taikang, Guo Qin, an imperial envoy, invited the Hu people to move to the Great Wall, taking the Han people as a solid edge and not letting Hu suffer, but Emperor Wu refused. In the first year of Yuankang, Jiang Tong was ordered to write "On Relocation", saying that if Hu was not moved quickly, the Jin family would be in danger. Hui Di doesn't accept it either. At that time, the situation was too heavy to return, and it was impossible to move Hu, even if they were asked to "attach their own species and return to their old soil."
So all the discussion about migration has become a dead letter. In addition, the government allowed Hu people to move in, but did not educate them. Only by deepening the contradiction between Hu Hanmin ethnic groups; Hu people were also used as soldiers, which was more common during the Eight Kings Rebellion. For example, in Wang Jun, Sima Teng used Xianbei people, and the King of Chengdu used Xiongnu. Under the strategy of using Hu, the Hu people knew the strength of the Western Jin Dynasty like the palm of their hand, and whenever the time came, they would get up and make an insurrection.
In the first year of Yongxing (304), Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu aristocrat, set out for Lishi (now Shanxi) under the title of Han (later former Zhao). In the 4th year of Yongjia (3 10), Liu Yuan died and his son Liu Cong succeeded him. In April of the following year, more than ten thousand Jin Jun 10 were annihilated in Ningping City, Guxian County (Luyi County, Henan Province), and Yan and others were captured and killed.
In the same year, Liu Cong sent general Hu Yanyan to attack Luoyang, repeatedly defeated 8 Jin J, and annihilated more than 30,000 people before and after. In June, Hu Yanyan arrived in Luoyang. Liu Yao and others led the troops to meet them, attacked Luoyang, connived at the looting of his men, captured Emperor Huai alive, killed more than 30,000 people including Prince Sima Quan, imperial clan, officials, soldiers and civilians, and dug graves to burn the palace, which is known as the "Yongjia Rebellion" in history.
After 150 years, the sixteen countries of Wuhu invaded the Central Plains and slaughtered the Han people, which suffered a major blow to the economy and culture. In order to avoid the war, a large number of people moved from the Central Plains to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which was called "crossing the south through the canopy" in history, and the ancient economic center of China moved further south.
The Jin Dynasty, established by Sima Shi, was the only country in China history that came to power in vain, killed the monarch and usurped the throne, was extravagant and dissipated, and made no achievements. It was the first country to be destroyed by a foreign country.
Baidu encyclopedia-eastern Jin dynasty