This kind of intermediary was called hostage in the Western Zhou Dynasty, embarrassing person in the Western Han Dynasty, and finally called tooth person after the Tang Dynasty. Also known as Yazi, Yalang and Yawa.
The oldest classics, disciplines and figures in China are called "quality people", such as the so-called "quality agency" method in the Western Zhou market. "Quality" and "agency" are applicable to different buying and selling relationships, and "quality is important for big things, and agency is important for small things". "Zhou Li Zu" records: "Li Zu accepts property and bribes: people, cattle and horses, weapons and rare things. Whoever sells it to you is a quality agent. " Among them, the pledgee is a broker who manages the market and collects a certain fee, that is, all goods, markets, quotations, prices and deliveries in the market must be signed by the pledgee to the buyers and sellers.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the further development of commerce, industry and economy, the number of dental traders increased greatly, forming a special trade union called dental traders' trade union. The famous Guangdong Thirteen Banks in Qing Dynasty refers to thirteen dentists engaged in import and export, trade and exchange. In addition to doing business, thirteen banks have to deal with foreign businessmen in China. Everything from buying and selling goods to daily life goes through thirteen banks. However, the number of dental shops here is not fixed, and it increases or decreases from time to time, so Guangdong Thirteen is only the most prosperous thirteen.
In ancient China, there was no marriage without a matchmaker. This is what Feng Wei said in The Book of Songs: "When I was robbed, my son had no good media". In China myths and legends, the earliest matchmaker is Nu Wa. Lu's "Jill" records: "It is the afterlife country that carries the media (Nu Wa), and God worships God." Luo Ping quoted "Custom Pass" and said: "Female, I pray for the shrine god, I am a female media, and I am surprised by my marriage." It is also recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals by Helu that in ancient times, a ceremony was held in mid-spring to offer sacrifices to Gao Qi. In addition, there was an official media in the Zhou Dynasty, specializing in the affairs of judges. According to "Li Zhou Di Guan", "The media is in charge of the trial of all peoples. All men and women who are famous or above are famous for their books. Marry a man at thirty and a woman at twenty. Whoever marries a wife and gives birth to a child will write. Mid-spring brings men and women together, and runners can't help but meet men and women without husbands. "
"The Book of Songs, Wind and Cutting" says: "When cutting, the axe cannot be broken. How did you marry that wife? Media is not allowed. " Therefore, later generations also called the matchmaker "Ke Fan", the proposal "Ke Fan" and the matchmaker "Zhike". The article "Marry, Marry" in Song and Wu's "Dream" reads: "Qi Faren people have two notices and will post in the future." That is, media, people, talking and kissing.
In ancient times, it was also called media, and people were "Iceman" or "Big Ice". Legend has it that Ling Huce of the Jin Dynasty dreamed that he was standing on the ice and talking to people on the ice. After waking up, the dreamer divines, and the dreamer says, "Yang is on the ice, and Yin, Yang, things and things are under the ice. The poem says:' A scholar is like a wife, ice is not calm', and marriage is also a matter. You are on the ice, and you talk to people on the ice. This is a matter of duplicity, and the media is also involved. You should get married as a matchmaker. " Later people call it "making ice" to give people a medium.
After the Han Dynasty, all men and women, marriage and marriage must be "the words of parents' matchmakers". If you "get a glimpse of the words of the matchmakers without waiting for your parents' orders, and follow them across the wall, then both parents and people will be mean" (Mencius Teng Wengong). The so-called "media" refers to the meaning of two surnames; This refers to considering the meaning of the second surname. Or "male media" and "female media". Yuefu folk song "Ancient Poetry is Jiao Zhongqing's Wife": "My mother is a white matchmaker, and only when I am poor can I return home. "
About the Tang dynasty, there appeared the old man under the moon, who was specialized and got married and started a family. According to Tang, "Continued Mysteries, Engagement Shop":
In the Tang Dynasty, Wei Gu traveled to Nandian, Song Cheng. When he met an old man, he sat on his back and checked books from the moon. Q: "What books have you checked?" Cloud: "Wedding ears." Ask again: "What's in the bag?" As the saying goes, "Red string ears tie lovers' feet. Although the enemy is in a foreign country, the rope will be tied together. " Because I asked my wife, I know I am a poor girl who sells vegetables in the north of the store. She is only three years old and ugly as a beggar. Wei was furious and sent domestic slaves to stab him, hurting his eyebrows. Wei and the slave escaped. After more than ten years, Shen Wei joined the state army. The secretariat of Wang Tai thought it was ok, and his wife took her daughter. A beautiful woman usually has a flower in her brow. Strange to ask, I realized that my daughter was a young girl who was stabbed by the domain in the past, and the county magistrate caressed her like her own daughter. Because of mutual respect, both men and women are honored. Song Cheng heard that his shop was an engagement shop. Later generations also referred to the matchmaker as "the old man under the moon" or "the old man under the moon".
On the basis of the biography of Yingying in Tang Yuanzhen, the master created the Yuan drama The West Chamber, in which he tried his best to match Zhang Xun and Yingying's elegance, beauty, red and mother, and was loved by the world because of his lively and agile personality and spirit of helping others. Later generations also called the matchmaker "matchmaker".
There was a word "matchmaker" in Ming and Qing dynasties, which was also used to refer to matchmaker. However, because the matchmaker has a glib tongue, her words are often not worthy of the name, so the word "matchmaker" is slightly derogatory. The so-called "three aunts and six grandmothers" in Ming Dow and Zong Yi's "Dropping out of Farming" usually refers to a woman who talks a lot but does nothing. For example, in Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio Shao nine niang, it is clearly known that Shao nine niang has not yet arrived at Jiu Shao's maiden:
So I talked to Shao's wife. Seeing the girl, she was shocked and praised: "What a beautiful aunt! If you go to Zhaoyang Hospital, how do Zhao sisters count? " He asked again, "Who is the husband?" Shao's wife replied, "Not yet." He said, "If you are a lady, why are you worried about not having a prince as a guest?" Shao's wife sighed: "The ministers dare not look; As long as a reading seed is a good ear. My family was guilty and unjust, so I changed my election. I don't know what my intention is. " He said, "Don't worry, madam. You are a beauty, and I don't know what your predecessor did. Please bear it. Yesterday, a big joke-Chai Jia Lang Junyun: I saw a color on the edge of a family and wanted to hire a daughter. This is not a hungry goose, is it? I have been scolded by the old woman! "
Many laws, laws and concepts can be traced back to ancient times, such as Luo, Ma, Fa, Wei, Du, Dai and Li. General concepts appeared in the period of Luo, Ma, Fa, Shang, Cha, Shi, Ding and Ni. The reason is that the ancient, Roman, horse, classics and classics are family-based and long-term, controlled, classics and classics, which makes Roman law have no concepts such as connection, acceptance, generation, reason, other, person, behavior and behavior. For the first time, he put forward the theory of generation, reason, reason and theory in the departments of university, geography and law, namely, Holland, Holland, France, learning, family, personality, old age, show and Sri Lanka. In his book War, Disputes, Peace, Peace and Law published in the17th century, he wrote that the rights and interests of generation, reason and human beings come directly from himself, and his behavior is based on his entrustment and appointment. In this book, Ge, Lao, Xiu and Si pointed out that generation, reason and people can bind generation, reason and people in the name of existence, generation, reason and people with their consent, so that they can gain power directly. This idea has been accepted by many laws and codes in mainland China, France, departments, countries and families. 1886, Germany, China, France, academia, economists, Bulgaria, Romania, Latin America, Spain and Germany published important theories and texts such as "Yi, De, China, Commerce, Fa, Dian, Cheng, Fa, Xing, Wei, Shi, De, Dai and Li". Germany, country, people, France, Canon and commerce, France and Canon are different from Italy, mainland China, France, Britain, the United States, France, France, France, origin, Britain and China because of historical and traditional differences. British, Chinese, scholars and scholars believe that Romania, Malaysia and France have no influence on Britain, China, Japan, France. Mei, Te, Lan and Germany believe that it originated from the utilitarian theory, while Huo, Mu, Si and Huo, Er, Si and Wo, but we think that this theory originated from Japan, Germany, Germany, custom and law. Teaching, society, law and law, officials, judges and role models play a certain role in the generation, cause, concept and concept development of common law. 17 and 18 centuries, due to the influence of balance, equality, law, sea, affairs, law, people, law, rules, business and law, there appeared two kinds of business, industry, generation, reason and people, namely, economy, discipline, people and people. When the word agent was used, agency and reason were finally separated from the relationship between employment, principal and recipient, and employment and people, and became an independent concept. The concepts and rules of the United States, China, France, Germany, France basically follow those of Britain, China, Germany, France and France. However, due to the influence of Huo, Mu, France and officials, the United States, China, France, learning, family and officials do not treat themselves in the same way as their Britain, China, identity and behavior.
The reflection of Wei Zhi and Zhu Jianping: "At first, Xun You and Zhong You were friendly. Wife dies first, children are young. He brokers his door and wants to marry his concubine. "
Tang Gu Shenzi's "Bo Zhi Yi Zhang Buyi": "For several months, it has been widely rumored that Cui Shi widows are very poor, and there are four prostitutes, all of whom are married."
The second fold of Xianzu Ye's Flower Phoenix in the Ming Dynasty: "You are far away from the romantic fields, he, he, with a daughter, in a secluded boudoir, you are the Yuling plum who sends off spring and the Dragon Palace stone who pulls iron."
Zhang's "Five Negations": "If a bank is set up in a tooth, it can be public, but the long people can't build it, so the power of the tooth can be equal to that of the official." .
Tang Hanyu's Record of Liu Zihou's Tomb: "If you judge Zi Hou, you will be embarrassed by his family and you can't catch him. If you bury him in the past, you will fix his family. "
Song Shi Ye's "Chen Manweng Sacrifice Vessels Description": "As for the capital of the brokerage school, although it is delicious, home, law and nature, it is all indispensable and cold."
Qing Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio: "My parents are far away, and there are more than ten people in my family, all of whom are represented by Hu Lang."
The third time in Jin Ping Mei: "The villain only recognizes Dalang, who is a family support agent. And doing business on the street, no matter how big or small, no one has ever been evil. "
"Song Xie Shu Hong Wei Biography": "Hong Wei's brokerage business, if it is public, every penny has a book."
Song Su Shi's Begging, Forbidden, Business, Traveling, Passing by, Going Abroad, Country and Form: "Li Qiu is still a guest. Last June, we invited Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Chengdu, ships, companies, companies, companies, cities, countries, countries, economies and disciplines. "
Tomb, tablet and inscription of Liu Jun in Xinning, Zeng Guofan, Qing Dynasty: "When I first came to Chiayi County, I begged for kindness to entertain my relatives. Now brokers are well run, smart enough to expand their business and profitable enough to benefit three companies. Income is easily dispersed, and one is to help. "
Qian Zhongshu's Fortress Besieged VIII: "She is really classic and disciplined! She just advised my mother to buy foreign exchange quickly. I think women are calculating. "
Wang Xiyan's Old Fu Yuan in a White Hat and His Cattle: "Some cattle buyers pretend to be angry and walk away alone; Cattle dealers say good things to both sides and go back to buy cattle. "
In the old society of China, there were buyers and sellers in cities, towns, cities and markets. They said that they would combine, pay, draw, collect, hire, live in gold, house, live in businesses and live in people. Originated in Han Dynasty, there were official teeth and private teeth in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The official teeth are set by the government, the government, the hand, the appointment and the private teeth, and the government, the government and the approval are needed to start a business. Dental dealers must receive dental stickers, pay dental taxes on time, and bear the responsibility of collecting taxes on behalf of officials. There is a poem in "Yantai Hundred Slogans", which is anonymous in Qing Dynasty: "Mules and horses are involved in the market, and money brokers are more stingy. Poor long-tailed scissors, referring to deer as a horse is priceless. " There is a small note in the poem: "Those who have a successful career are called' classics and disciplines'."
"Tooth dealer", that is, "Tooth dealer". Is the middleman who matches the sale of goods. Then why is it called "tooth"? It turns out that "tooth" was a common word for "mutual" in ancient times. "Tooth market" means "mutual market", and "Tooth people" are "mutual market people" who exchange goods. It first appeared in the Tang Dynasty more than 1000 years ago. According to the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, "An Lushan is the tooth lang of the mutual market", which means that An Lushan used to be an intermediary for the sale of goods.
Before the liberation of Fuzhou, there were two largest dental centers. One is the "Yang Ya" of the water department on the east side of Wuyi Square today. This is a big market selling live sheep. Sheep farmers in Fuqing, Changle, Luoyuan and other places transport sheep to the "sheep teeth" of Fuzhou water department and hand them over to the owner of the tooth shop for sale. Another place is "Guoya", which is located on the main road in Taijiang District. Litchi, longan, grapefruit, bananas and other fruits of the four seasons shipped by farmers in Changle and Fuzhou suburbs are all sent to the tooth shop for sale here. Dental shops wholesale and retail vendors and vendors. The owner of the dental firm collects the commission from the consignor, and the goods can only be delivered, delivered, sold, delivered, given, paid and paid after all the goods are approved.
Anyone who is engaged in the dental industry is called "toothpaste", and must obtain "toothpaste" from the government, yamen, yamen, customs, ministries and doors, which is equivalent to today's business license, and pay silver tax on toothpaste every year, which is called "toothpaste tax".
In addition, "tooth" is the proper name of "tooth". The official offices in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were called "yamen", which was actually a misnomer. Because in the Han Dynasty, a beast's head was carved on the gate where the government was located, showing huge teeth to show strictness. Especially the flags of the army, team, battalion, shed, front and vertical are embroidered with tiger's head and teeth. Those who are officials often give money, money, bribes and bribes. Therefore, for officials and officials who are corrupt and pervert the law, they are called "Thousand Teeth". As the folk song says, "The tooth (official) door is open, and you can't get in without money."