Jian Zhen (688-763) was born in Yangzhou. He became a monk at the age of 14, and his legal name was Jian Zhen. He has a deep understanding of Buddhist scriptures, especially good at it. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Japanese scholars Rong Rui and Pu Zhao visited Jian Zhen and invited him to represent Emperor Shengwu to spread Buddhism in Japan. Jian Zhen readily agreed, and immediately built a boat to prepare food for the following spring. Due to interference, the trip failed to take place. Jian Zhen was not discouraged. In December of the second year of Tianbao (743), he led more than 100 disciples, painters and craftsmen. , set out for Dongdaokou. On the way, the ship was damaged by huge waves and the eastward crossing failed. Then the third and fourth eastward crossings were still unsuccessful. In the seventh year of Tianbao (748), he crossed to the east for the fifth time, and once again encountered great winds and waves. The wind is steep, the water is black as ink, and the situation is sinister. With the swell, the ship suddenly went up the mountain and suddenly seemed to fall into a deep valley. The ship is short of fresh water, so drinking seawater makes it bloat. Drifting 14 days to reach the south of Hainan Island. This time, Rong Rui and Pu Zhao traveled together. Rong Rui died, Jian Zhen was blind, and 36 Chinese and Japanese personnel died in the fifth eastward crossing. In the 12th year of Tianbao (753), 66-year-old Jian Zhen led more than 20 people eastward on a Japanese wooden boat sent to the Tang Dynasty for the sixth time, and finally arrived in Kyushu, which was warmly welcomed. Jian Zhen lives in the most famous Dongda Temple in the capital Nara. The Tang Zhao Temple, designed and directed by him, was built in Nara, reflecting the latest achievements of architectural technology in the Tang Dynasty. He also spread the dry painting method of sculpture art (that is, the clip method, in which linen is coated on clay sculptures and pigments are repeatedly applied. After the paint dries, remove the soil and an image is formed. This is called deactivation dry paint. Painting a statue on a wooden model is called wood core dry paint. He sniffed medicine and identified many herbs for Japan. He lived in Japan for 10 years and made great contributions to the cultural exchange between China and Japan. After his death in the first year of Guangde (763), he was buried in Tangzhaoti Temple in Nara. According to legend, the dry lacquer statue of Jian Zhen created by his disciples has been placed in the temple and has been designated as a national treasure of Japan. It is the earliest portrait sculpture in Japanese art history. The shaping and long-term preservation of the statue of Jian Zhen reflects the Japanese people's cherish of the Sino-Japanese friendship tradition. Jian Zhen is regarded as a great benefactor of Japanese culture. 1980, the dry lacquer statue of Jian Zhen was sent back to his hometown Yangzhou by Japanese friends to visit relatives, and then toured in Beijing, showing the continuous development of the friendship between the Chinese and Japanese peoples.

The Influence of Tang Dynasty Culture on Japan

Through the continuous communication between China and Japan, Japan is deeply influenced by China in politics, economy, military affairs, culture, production technology and even lifestyle. Among them, the most influential was Japan's "innovation" in 646. This reform has played a great role for Hyunri in Gaoxiang and monks who have been studying in China for a long time. They imitated the system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, reformed the system of officials from central to local, imitated the imperial examination system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and adopted the method of passing the examination to select officials. Referring to the laws of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Dabao Law was formulated.

In 709 AD, Japan moved its capital to Pingchengjing (now Nara). The building scale of the capital city completely imitates Chang 'an, and even the width and arrangement of streets are almost the same. There are also names such as Suzaku Street, East City and West City. In the late 8th century, Japan moved its capital to Ping 'an (now Kyoto), still imitating Chang 'an as its capital.

Before the 8th century, the Japanese used Chinese characters as a narrative tool. Kibi No Asomi Makibi, an overseas student, and Konghai, a monk, created Japanese kana letters-Katakana and Hiragana-on the basis of Japanese phonetic notation of Chinese characters in China, which greatly promoted the development of Japanese culture. At the same time, Japanese vocabulary and grammar are also influenced by Chinese.

Japanese living habits and holiday customs were also influenced by the Tang Dynasty.

Silla envoys and overseas students

Korea, Baekje and Silla on the Korean Peninsula had contacts with China in the early Tang Dynasty. After Silla unified most of the Korean Peninsula in 675, it maintained friendly relations with the Tang Dynasty until the end of the Tang Dynasty. The two countries send envoys to each other and constantly travel by land and sea. The poem "I was ordered to bid farewell and the whole city sent an envoy" was sent to Silla as an envoy, which shows that Chinese people attach importance to sending envoys to Silla. King Silla constantly sent envoys to Chang 'an with precious gifts, and the Tang Dynasty often gave Silla precious gifts. During the Kaiyuan period, Zeng Zeng gave Silla 300 beautiful silks at a time (in the Tang Dynasty, ten silks were mixed, usually including two silks, two silks, two silks and four silks). Silla sent a large number of international students to study in Chang 'an. Silla was the largest number of overseas students in the Tang Dynasty. In 837, there were as many as 2 16 students in Silla in the Tang Dynasty. In 840, there were 105 Silla students who returned to China after completing their studies. From 82 1 to the end of the Tang Dynasty, 58 students from Silla took the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty and obtained the title of "guest scholar" (meaning foreign scholar). Cui Zhiyuan/Kloc-came to the Tang Dynasty at the age of 0/2, and/Kloc-Jinshi at the age of 0/8, and returned to Silla at the age of 29. He wrote 20 volumes of Gui Bi Yuan Geng in Chinese, which preserved a large number of historical materials of China at that time, and it is still a valuable material for us to study the history of the Tang Dynasty. It is recorded in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, which shows that attention was paid to it at that time. Silla students returned home and brought back many China cultural classics, which played a great role in absorbing and spreading Tang Wenhua.

Cui Zhiyuan

Cui Zhiyuan (857-? ), the word solitary cloud, sea cloud. Silla scholars and poets. When I was a teenager, I went to study in the Tang Dynasty and was admitted to Jinshi. After returning home, Cui Zhiyuan worked as a waiter and a bachelor of Hanlin, and lived in seclusion in his later years because he was dissatisfied with state affairs. He devoted himself to spreading Confucian culture and promoted the academic and literary development of Silla. He published 20 volumes of poems and essays, Guigeng, which attracted the attention of China literary circles.

Silla businessmen come to China to do business.

The trade between the Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula was very prosperous. Silla merchants did a lot of trade in the Tang Dynasty, starting from Dengzhou (now Penglai, Shandong Province) and Laizhou (now Laizhou, Shandong Province) in the north and reaching Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province) and Yangzhou in the south. There is Xinluo Pavilion in Chuzhou and Xinluo Square in Laizhou, both of which are places where Xinluo people live in concentrated communities. Silla merchants brought cattle, horses, ramie cloth, paper, folding fans and ginseng to the Tang Dynasty and sold silk, tea, porcelain, medicinal materials and books of the Tang Dynasty. Silla products ranked first in the imports of the Tang Dynasty.

Tang Wenhua's Influence on North Korea

Silla people have extensively studied China's politics, history, philosophy, astronomy, calendar and medicine. China's political and economic system has a great influence on Silla. In the mid-8th century, Silla imitated the political system of the Tang Dynasty and rebuilt its own administrative organization. The central government set up a deacon province, which was equivalent to the Shangshu province in the Tang Dynasty. Deacon province consists of three governments and three departments, which is equivalent to six departments in the Tang Dynasty. In the late 8th century, Silla also adopted the imperial examination system to select officials, taking Confucian classics as the examination content. Pyongyang, the capital of Silla, was built in imitation of Chang 'an and Luoyang, and also divided into Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. In 675, Silla began to adopt the calendar of the Tang Dynasty. Silla MD teaches students with China medical books such as Materia Medica Classic. Korean culture also had a certain influence on the Tang Dynasty. Their music is very popular with the people of China. One of the ten pieces of music set by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty is Koryo music.

Xuanzang's journey to the west

Xuanzang (600-664) was born in Luozhou (now Gouzhen, Yanshi, Henan) and became a monk at the age of 13. Later people called him Master Sanzang (Sanzang is the general name of Buddhist classic trilogy-Buddhist scriptures, precepts, explanations and annotations, and monks who are familiar with Sanzang are called Master Sanzang). In the early Tang Dynasty, he studied Buddhist theory in Sichuan and Chang 'an. He felt that there were many sects of Buddhism and many mistakes in the translation of Buddhist scriptures, which made people at a loss. He is determined to study Buddhist scriptures in Tianzhu and study and solve some difficult problems in Buddhist teachings. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), he set out from Chang 'an, mingled with merchants who returned to the Western Regions, and left Yumenguan westward alone. After eight hundred miles of quicksand (that is, the Mohe Yanqi outside Yumenguan), it crossed Xinjiang from Tianshan South Road, crossed the Green Ridge, crossed Central Asia, and reached the northwest of Tianzhu in the late summer of the second year of Zhenguan (628). Then along a route from west to east, he visited the famous Buddhist holy places and many eminent monks in the Ganges Valley. At the end of the fifth year of Zhenguan (63 1), I went to the Mohist Tuoguo and came to Nalanduo Temple.

Nalanduo Temple is the highest institution of Buddhism in Tianzhu. The monk who lives in this temple is an authority on Indian Buddhism. He is 90 years old and has stopped giving lectures. In order to show his friendship with China, he took Xuanzang as a disciple and taught him the most difficult Buddhist sutra-yoga theory. Xuanzang spent five years studying Buddhism theory with excellent results and became one of the top ten exorcists in Nalanduo Temple. Then he went out to study, traveled to the Indian Peninsula, and participated in Buddhist debates many times all the way, which made him famous in Tianzhu. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), he returned to Nalanduo Temple to give lectures. An opponent of the Nalanduo Sect wrote a paper and presented it to the king of the Anti-Japanese War, claiming that no one could refute a word of it. King Jieri handed the paper to Jiexian and decided to hold an academic conference in the capital Qunv City. Xuanzang and 1000 monks attended the meeting on behalf of Nalanduo Temple. King Jerzy received Xuanzang and asked about the music of Emperor Taizong and China. Xuanzang introduced China's politics, economy, culture, art and the achievements of Emperor Taizong. The king of the Anti-Japanese War was very interested in this and immediately sent a special envoy to Chang 'an Hao Tong. In December of the 16th year of Zhenguan (642), the group women's city debate competition began. More than 3000 kings, Buddhists and Brahmins from Tianzhu 18 attended the meeting. Xuanzang served as the main speaker of the conference. He wrote a paper refuting the man in Sanskrit and read it out at the meeting as the theme of the debate. At the same time, I copied a copy and hung it at the door of the venue. According to the usual practice, whoever can refute a sentence according to reason will be beheaded and apologize. But five days later, no one came to argue. The conference lasted 18 days, and everyone was deeply impressed by Xuanzang's incisive remarks. On the day of the conference, King Jieri and King 18 exchanged generous gifts, which were both declined by Xuanzang. Finally, the king of the Anti-Japanese War begged Xuanzang to ride an elephant decorated with beautiful buildings and make a detour to meet the congregation.

In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643), Xuanzang refused the repeated detention of the Japanese king and decided to return to China. King Jerzy and the locals sent him dozens of miles away before breaking up in tears. In the first month of the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Xuanzang returned to Chang 'an with 657 Buddhist scriptures. Emperor Taizong sent Prime Minister Fang and others out of the city to meet the enemy, and thousands of people from Chang 'an went out of the city to meet them. Emperor Taizong summoned him in Luoyang Palace, and he introduced the Western Regions and Tianzhu to Emperor Taizong. He immediately returned to Chang 'an and began to translate Buddhist scriptures. During the period of 19, 75 Buddhist scriptures were translated into 1 335 volumes. Because he has a high literacy of China culture and is proficient in Sanskrit, his translation is fluent and beautiful, and some special terms such as "India" and the word "moment" indicating time are all determined by him. Most of these Buddhist scriptures were later lost in India, and the Chinese version became an important document for studying ancient Indian religion, philosophy, literature and science.

Xuanzang also wrote a book "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" based on his own travels, which recorded the situation of 1 10 countries and 28 rumored countries, including the geographical location, roads, territory, cities, population, customs and customs of Xinjiang and Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and other countries and regions. Now, The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang has been translated into many languages and become a world masterpiece.

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