During the period of 1842, the Qing government was forced to negotiate with the British government in Nanjing Jinghai Temple, and the two sides held about four talks in the temple. On August 29th, the Qing government in China accepted all the conditions put forward by Britain.

China's first unequal treaty in modern times, British treaty of nanking, was formally signed on the British flagship "Khan Hua" (also translated into Cornwallis), which met most of the requirements of Britain. Main contents:

1, cut Hong Kong Island to Britain. (Loss of territorial sovereignty)

2. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, and allow British people to set up consulates at trading ports. (Loss of trade sovereignty)

3. China paid compensation of RMB 2 1 10,000 to Britain. 2 1 10,000 yuan consists of: compensation for opium of 6 million yuan, repayment of debts of British businessmen of 3 million yuan, and British military expenditure of10.2 million yuan. (A lot of silver outflow)

4. The taxation of British import and export goods in China is agreed by both China and Britain. (Loss of tariff sovereignty)

British businessmen are free to trade with China businessmen, and are not restricted by "public banks". (Loss of trade sovereignty)

Second, the Wang Xia Treaty.

1844 (twenty-four years of Daoguang) The unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and the United States in Wang Xia Village, Macau was the first unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and the United States.

The Wang Xia Treaty between China and the United States consists of 34 articles with tariffs. The main content is that the United States enjoys the same rights as Britain in trade and diplomacy.

In other words, the United States obtained all the special rights and interests obtained by Britain through the Opium War except the cession of land and reparations, and in many ways it did more harm to China:

1, agreed tariff. The treaty stipulates: "If China wants to change the tax rate in the future, it must consult with the American consul and other officials." . This is a further expansion of the scope of "agreed tariffs" in treaty of nanking, which has seriously damaged China's economy.

2. Expand the scope of consular jurisdiction. The treaty stipulates that when a lawsuit occurs between China nationals and American nationals, American nationals should be arrested and tried by American consuls and other officials and handled in accordance with American laws and practices;

If there is a dispute between American citizens and citizens of other countries in China, China officials have no right to ask. In this way, the judicial power of the Qing Dynasty to arrest, try, convict and punish American nationals was completely lost.

3. Infringement of China's territorial sea rights. American warships can "inspect trade" at China port at will, and port officials in Qing Dynasty must "friendly" receive them. American merchant ships anchored in China could not be ruled by the Qing Dynasty.

It stipulates that the contract can be "modified" after 12 years. In addition, the treaty also provides for unilateral MFN treatment. If China gives some concessions to other countries in the future, the United States should share them all.

Three. Huangpu treaty

1844 (twenty-four years of Daoguang) 10 The unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and France in Huangpu, Guangzhou, was also the first unequal treaty that France invaded China.

There are 36 clauses in the Huangpu Treaty between China and France, with a "tariff". The main contents are:

1. French people can live permanently in five trading ports, trade freely, set up consuls and berth warships. The China government has the responsibility to protect French property and goods, and no one in China can bully or infringe upon them.

2. If China changes its tariffs in the future, it should "negotiate with the French before making any changes".

3. France enjoys consular jurisdiction, and China officials are not allowed to ask about any litigation between French people and China people or other foreigners.

4. Unilateral MFN treatment.

The French can build churches and cemeteries in Wukou, and the Qing government has the obligation to protect the churches.

Four. Ahern treaty

1858 in may, the Qing government signed with Russia, the main contents are as follows:

1, China ceded a large territory south of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains and north of Heilongjiang to Russia.

2. The land in China from the east of Wusuli River to the seaside is jointly managed by China and Russia.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Sino-British Tianjin Treaty

1On June 26th, 858, the Qing government signed with Britain. The main contents are as follows:

1. The British ambassador is based in Beijing and has a consulate at the trading port.

2. Open nine trading ports, including Nanjing, Tainan, Hankou and Jiujiang.

British people can travel and trade in the mainland.

British merchant ships can sail in the ports of the Yangtze River.

5. China compensated Britain for 4 million taels of silver.

An intransitive verb: Sino-French Tianjin Treaty

1On June 27th, 858, the Qing government signed with France. The main contents are as follows:

1, allowing Catholicism to preach freely in the mainland.

French warships can berth at trading ports.

China paid 2 million taels of silver to France.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Opium War

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second Opium War