(A) the origin of Chinese civilization

The ancient inhabitants of China

1. Yuanmou Man: About 1.7 million years ago, it was the earliest known human being in China.

2. Beijingers: 700,000-200,000 years ago. The division of labor between hands and feet is obvious. I can make and use tools and use natural fire.

Lesson 2 primitive farming life

1. Hemudu Site: It is a typical clan commune in the Yangtze River valley of China about 7000 years ago. Use grindstone tools, grow rice, and live in a dry shed. → China is the first country to grow rice in the world.

2. Banpo Ruins: It is a typical clan commune in the Yellow River valley of China about 5,000 ~ 6,000 years ago. Widely used grinding stone tools, planting millet and vegetables, living in semi-crypt houses. → China is the first country to grow millet in the world.

Lesson 3 China's ancestors

Huangdi, the "ancestor of mankind"

Four or five thousand years ago, he was a famous tribal leader in the Yellow River valley of China. In the future, we will form an alliance with Yan Di tribes to form the Chinese nation.

According to legend, the Yellow Emperor built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells and invented boats and cars. His wife invented sericulture and silk reeling, and his subordinate Cang Xie invented writing. Being honored as the "ancestor of mankind" by later generations, overseas Chinese have been called "descendants of the Yellow Emperor" so far.

(B) the emergence of the country and social changes

Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties:

dynasty

Set the time, everyone.

capital

The last king

Xia Dynasty

Dayu in 2070 BC

Guangzhou

cruel

Shang Dynasty

65438 BC+0600 BC Tang Dynasty

dark red

It is said to be a tyrant

Western Zhou Dynasty

65438 BC+0046 BC Zhou Wuwang.

Haojing

Zhou Liwang

(77 BC1year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished; Before 770, Zhou Ping moved to Luoyi, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began. )

2. The Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffment system:

(1) Overview:

In order to consolidate his rule, Zhou gave his land, civilians and slaves to relatives and heroes and made them princes. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou Emperor, pay tribute to the emperor at ordinary times, defend the territory, and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.

Seven Heroes of Warring States Period

(2) Function:

The Western Zhou Dynasty strengthened its rule through the enfeoffment system and became a powerful country.

Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

1. Spring and Autumn Hegemony:

The famous hegemons in the Spring and Autumn Period were Qi Huangong (the first hegemon in the Spring and Autumn Period), Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang.

2. Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period:

During the Warring States period, Qi, Chu, Yan, Qin, Zhao, Wei and Han stood side by side, which was called "Seven Heroes of the Warring States" in history.

Lesson 7 the era of great change

1. Shang Yang Reform:

(1) Time and Person: In 356 BC, Shang Yang reformed with the support of Qin Xiaogong.

(2) Contents:

(1) The state recognizes that land is private and allows free trading;

(2) Rewarding farmers: those who produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee;

According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished.

(3) establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.

(3) Function: Qin is economically developed; The combat effectiveness of the army has been continuously strengthened;

Qin developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States period, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries.

Understand:

The purpose and effect of Shang Yang's political reform not only reflected the needs of the emerging landlord class to develop feudal economy and establish feudal rule, but also promoted the development of feudal economy and the establishment of feudal rule. It promoted (catalyzed) the social transformation in the Warring States period, and the purpose and effect of Shang Yang's political reform reached a high degree of unity.

All reforms or reforms that conform to the historical development trend are important driving forces for social progress and social development.

(C) the establishment of a unified country

Lesson 10 "The King of Qin swept Liuhe"

1. The unification of Qin:

(1) time and funds:

In 22 1 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries and established the first unified centralized feudal country in China history-Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.

(2) Significance:

It ended feudalism since the Spring and Autumn Period, strengthened the political, economic and cultural ties between different regions, and laid the foundation for the formation of a unified multi-ethnic country in China.

2. Qin Shihuang's measures to strengthen centralization:

(1) Measure value:

(1) Politically:

Established a centralized feudal autocratic country. The supreme ruler is called the emperor, who commands all the military and political power in the country (the characteristics of the emperor system are hereditary throne, exclusive imperial power and exclusive emperor);

In the central government, the prime minister, Qiu and imperial advisers were appointed to be responsible for administrative, military affairs and supervision, and the final decision was made by the emperor.

At the local level, the county system is implemented.

(2) Economically: unified currency, using round square hole copper coins; Unity, quantity and balance;

(3) Culturally: unified writing (seal script, official script)

(4) ideologically:

Accept Reese's suggestion and issue a book burning order, stipulating that only the people are allowed to leave books about medicine, divination and planting except the government. And buried alive a group of Confucian scholars who secretly criticized him in Xianyang. This is the "burning books to bury Confucianism" in history.

(5) militarily:

Building the Great Wall in the North: In order to resist the Huns, General Meng Tian was ordered to build a city defense from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, winding for thousands of miles. This is the Great Wall of Wan Li.

Develop South Xinjiang: unify the southeast and Lingnan areas, build Lingqu, and connect the Yangtze River and Pearl River water systems.

(2) Historical role:

(1) laid the basic pattern of China's feudal social and political system for more than two thousand years;

(two) conducive to national unity and economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups in various regions;

③ It promoted the formation and consolidation of a multi-ethnic country and had a far-reaching impact on later generations.

Unified Han dynasty

1. The unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

(1) Measure value:

Politically, he accepted Zhu's suggestion and ordered the king to distribute their fiefs to their children and establish a smaller vassal state.

→ Solve the problem of kingdom, strengthen centralization and realize political unity.

Culturally, following Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal society.

Carry out Confucian education, set up imperial academy in Chang 'an, take the Five Classics of Confucianism as the teaching material, and don't learn other theories.

(2) Role: With the implementation of these measures, the Western Han Dynasty achieved political and ideological unity.

The unity of politics and ideology is interrelated and complementary. )

Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road

1. Zhang Qian's trip to the western regions;

(1) Overview: In BC 138 and BC 1 19, Zhang Qian, two factions of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, went to the Western Regions.

(2) Role: Strengthen the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions, and close the economic and cultural ties between the Central Plains and the Western Regions.

2. The Silk Road:

(1) Overview:

After Zhang Qian's voyage to the West, envoys and merchants from the Western Regions transported China's silk and silk products from Chang 'an to today's Xinjiang via Hexi Corridor, to West Asia, and then to Europe, and imported the treasures of the countries in the Western Regions into China. This is the famous Silk Road in history.

(2) Function: communicate with the East and promote economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.

The Silk Road is a road of trade, friendship, peace and civilization. )

(d) Separation of political powers and national integration

The development of Jiangnan area

1. the development of Jiangnan:

(1) Time: During the Six Dynasties (,,Song, Qi, Liang and Chen), the Jiangnan area was gradually developed.

(2) reasons:

① Jiangnan has abundant rainfall, hot climate and fertile land, which has superior conditions for developing agriculture;

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people fled to the south of the Yangtze River to escape the war. Since the late Western Jin Dynasty, more northerners have moved to the south of the Yangtze River, bringing labor and advanced production technology to the south.

(3) There are relatively few wars in Jiangnan, and the social order is relatively stable.

④ Rulers attach importance to agricultural production.

Thanks to the hard work of the working people, many water conservancy projects have been built and large areas of wasteland have been reclaimed.

(3) Impact: It had a far-reaching impact on the ancient economic structure of China and laid the foundation for the economic center of gravity to move south. So that the center of China's economic structure began to change, narrowing the gap between North and South, and tending to balance.

Lesson 20 Great Integration of Northern Nationalities

Reform of Emperor Xiaowen in Northern Wei Dynasty;

(1) Contents:

(1) The imperial court must use Chinese, and Xianbei language is prohibited;

② Officials and their families must wear Hanfu;

(3) change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the surname of royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; (change Han surname)

④ Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; (Han Tong Marriage)

⑤ Adopt the official system and laws of Han nationality; (Made in China)

⑥ Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly (respect Confucius).

⑦ Move the capital to Luoyang

(2) Function:

The reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty adapted to the trend and requirements of the great integration of the northern nationalities, and the completion of the reform accelerated and promoted the great integration of the northern nationalities.