Text: Historical Clouds In history, the sharpness of ancient Rome was always concealed by ancient Greece, but in fact, no matter the posture of the country in its heyday or the degree of civilization development, ancient Rome will not be inferior. Judging from the vitality of the country, ancient Rome once became the hegemon of Asia, Europe and Africa, and its hegemony was dazzling; From the perspective of civilization, ancient Greece has always been famous for its democracy. The democracy established in ancient Rome (mainly reflected in the establishment of the Senate) had a great influence on the system construction of modern European countries, which is also an important reason why ancient Rome has always occupied a place in history. According to its political system, ancient Rome can be divided into three historical stages, including the rise and fall of an ancient country. In fact, ancient Rome in the era of Wang Zheng was a stage when a small tribe just gathered from primitive society slowly moved closer to the national form, just as an embryo slowly developed into the embryonic form of a baby. The rebirth of a thing is always accompanied by various legends. For example, the world was split by Pangu with an axe, and human beings were squeezed out of the mud by Nu Wa. Many records of ancient Rome during the reign of kings were also based on legends. Aside from the birth of national legends, historical records show that in the era of kings, history has entered the iron age, the agricultural economy developed steadily, and later even a small-scale handicraft economy was derived. After the economic development, the gap between the rich and the poor is very large. After some wealthy clans gradually abused their privileges, they were divided into aristocratic class and civilian class. The era of kingship is a traditional monarchy, which has experienced seven generations of kings. The political center in the era of kingship was composed of the king, the Senate and the Senate, while the power center was in the hands of nobles. Although civilians are free, they can also get a few acres of land, but civilians have no power and no channels to safeguard their rights. This is equivalent to everyone being the same person, but being divided into two groups. Some people just need to enjoy rights, while others assume all obligations. Because of this imbalance, civilians and nobles have laid a contradiction. In the era of kingship, it was not without democracy. The monarch is not hereditary, but nominated by the temporary ruler and examined by the Senate. Compared with the ancient Greek city-States, slaves accounted for a very small proportion of the civilian population at that time. Although democratic politics is still in the hands of a few people, it is still very democratic, free and rebellious in other authoritarian countries. This nature is reflected in the fact that the common people put forward to share political rights and started the struggle for their own rights. In the later period, the people expelled the last monarch from the country, which caused the country to fall into a chaotic state of leaderless. At this time of Rome, domestic troubles and foreign invasion, fish in troubled waters, a mess. At the moment when this country needs to unite as one, the masses said, "Give me political rights, or you nobles will solve this war by yourselves." "Historically, it was called the' civilian movement'. Of course, this competition is a victory for civilians. Throughout the history of ancient and modern China and foreign countries, the combination of giving and enjoying blindly will inevitably be overthrown. Due to the strong subjective consciousness of the ancient Romans and people's awakening, the political system of this new country has changed after hundreds of years. You know, this is not as simple as changing dynasties. It took China a thousand years to change from a feudal system to a democratic system. Roman Republic The official name of the Roman Republic is "the Senate and the Roman people", which is the direct result of the victory of the civilian movement. The national power center began to have civilian intervention, that is, the establishment of "tribal parliament" Although the political scope of civilian participation is still much smaller than that of aristocrats, the overall degree of democratic development in Rome is still relatively high. The Law of Twelve Bronze Tables promulgated in the 5th century BC marked the birth of Roman law. However, as a law promulgated by aristocrats, it is inevitable that it is biased in some contents, but it restricts the arbitrary interpretation of the law by aristocrats in the form of grammar, which makes Rome take a big step forward in the spirit of rule of law and still has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Although it is a democratic law, it actually fails to erase the shadow of slavery in essence. But it is precisely because of the influence of slavery that the Roman Empire has never stopped conquering foreign countries for a hundred years, and the short respite is nothing more than saving its strength. Rome was only the size of a small town at first, and after numerous battles, it became the overlord of three continents. It's exciting to say that scum attacked Tsinghua Peking University. Rome first trained with the neighbors of those small countries, and then the Victoria-Laguerre War broke out with IDA. Together with decades of armistice agreements, it lasted for nearly a hundred years and finally ended in Rome's victory. This war is of great significance to Rome, which not only defeated Rome's old enemy for many years and shocked the world, but also marked the beginning of large-scale foreign colonization in Rome. After Samoa War, Rome occupied the dominant position in Italy, and then in the Greek War, Rome has stepped out of the country. Every time the Romans occupied a place, they sold the local residents as slaves, instead of unifying the occupied places into one country, they chose to divide and rule, which could effectively prevent these countries from uniting to resist. Later, Rome was seriously corrupt. How serious is it? At that time, Rome was fighting against Juguda, and the Roman generals who went to fight were defeated by Juguda many times. What's more, after Zhu went to Rome for sightseeing, he even solved a political enemy by the way and went back unscathed with a monetary reward. The war was saved by the rectification of military discipline by Meterus, and the result of the war was to turn the tide. Marius managed personnel recruitment, legion management and wealth level, which effectively rectified the corruption in the army, mobilized the soldiers' spirit, enhanced the combat effectiveness of the army, and laid the foundation for Rome to continue to expand outward and turn to the military empire in the future. Without Mario's reform, Rome might not have survived the arrival of the Roman Empire, but the power struggle between Mario and Sura once again led to serious internal losses in Rome, which directly led to the civil war in the later period of the Republic, which lasted for two "Big Three". Among the top three giants, because of the defeat, crassus withdrew from the historical stage early, and Caesar took the lead in firing the first shot of the civil war. After destroying the power of Pompeii, the battle of the first three giants ended in Caesar's victory. Caesar was assassinated by Republicans, and his adopted sons Octavian, Anthony and Rebida formed the "last three giants" to retaliate against Republicans, involving a wide range. History is always strikingly similar. After Rebida withdrew from the Big Three early, it was a hard and cruel long-distance running for Octavian and Anthony. Octavian is actually a hero with a political mind. No matter whether it's the ratio of heat or Anthony, it's vigorous and vigorous. He didn't drag his feet, and he won Anthony in Egypt with Egypt. Since then, Egypt has been incorporated into the Roman territory. The end of this civil war opened a new political system in Rome, and the Roman Empire BLACKPINK appeared. Under the Republican regime, the real power is still in the hands of nobles, and civilians can only protect their rights to a limited extent, and rarely interfere in politics, because the constraints are too small, so that Rome in the late Republic became a hotbed of corruption. It is the incompleteness of democracy that easily leads to the slant of the sword and creates conditions for the emergence of the empire. Roman Empire It took thousands of years for ancient Rome to reach its peak during the imperial period, but it only took hundreds of years from its peak to its demise. The Roman Empire took military expansion as its political concept, so Octavian attached great importance to military construction after taking office, carried out military reform at home, established imperial guards, firmly held the power of generals in the hands of the emperor, and established diplomatic relations with Parthia and Armenia abroad, creating a scene of strict military discipline at home and no major disasters abroad. Octavian expanded the ruling area of Rome a lot during the whole period, and Spain, the Eastern Alps and the upper reaches of the Dodds River were all included in the territory. Until the war hit the Rhine, because the resistance of the newly conquered areas was too tenacious, even in the Teutonburg forest campaign, the Roman army could not be suppressed and was completely annihilated, and the pace of the Roman army was stumped. After that, Octavian never had a chance to continue to expand, and Rome entered a period of peace, which was not broken until Nero came to power, and Rome began endless chaos. Nero is a hard man to explain. During his reign, he promulgated many policies that were beneficial to the people, but at the same time he was extremely cruel, and his mother and wife were killed by him. Not only that, Nero is also keen on art and often calls himself an artist. Many contradictory qualities are concentrated on him. Later, when Nero toured all over the country to perform his art, the country was faced with all kinds of internal and external troubles, which never stopped for hundreds of years. All kinds of domestic uprisings and wars provoked by various countries are partly due to the power struggle between the guards, the Senate and the king after they became powerful. In this dispute, in order to maximize the interests, the struggle for the throne became more frequent, which led to the division and demise of Rome later. During this period, although there have been some kings with outstanding achievements, such as expanding the territory of Rome to the largest Trajan, Antoine, who is diligent and loves the people, and Aurelius, who is famous in Roman history. However, their efforts alone are far from enough. They only let Rome rest for a short time, which is far from enough to stop the decline of Rome, which has been hit hard again and again. With the change of dynasties, Rome went from decline to division and then to extinction. This process only took two hundred years. You can imagine how chaotic Rome was in these two hundred years, pushing itself to death at a rapid speed. Conclusion: The Roman Empire can imagine its prestige just by listening to this name. Rome reached its peak in the imperial period and developed its strength to the extreme, which was the result of its external expansion and suppression of internal chaos. If the Roman Empire had been able to coordinate various domestic problems at that time, I'm afraid their troops would have been able to reach far more places than the current historical records. The way Rome ended seems to be too hasty, as if it were just prevaricating a result for a novel with no ending. It's really a pity. If there were more leaders like Caesar and Octavian in the late Rome, it wouldn't be over so soon. A country that was once a hot topic in history was ruined by its own politics, which was incredible and infinitely melancholy. References:

Caesar's Gaul, Civil War, Suvitonius, Biography of the Twelve Kings of Rome, Gibbon, the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, the Roman heritage, and the story of the Romans born in Yano.