Difference:
Pingyang was originally the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, but Pingyang was located in the north, so it was difficult to control the whole north. Coupled with gentle harassment from the north, it is not conducive to the consolidation of the Northern Wei regime in military strategy. Moreover, natural disasters occur all the year round, and floods and droughts are rampant. In addition, the northern part of China is mostly a minority of nobles, and the conservative forces are strong. Moving the capital without changing it is not conducive to the development of the Northern Wei regime. In 490 AD, 24-year-old Tuoba Hong began to lead the government, and he began to carry out drastic sinicization reform. In order to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and further strengthen the rule of the Yellow River valley, he decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang.
In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang on the pretext of traveling south. Emperor Xiaowen said to Wang Yuan Cheng, Ren Cheng, "Goodsky lives in the north and lives in the city. Although it is rich in the four seas and has different traces, it is useless here. It is impossible to prosper literature. It is the imperial palace and the king of Heluo. For this reason, it is the great house of the Central Plains. " This shows the ambition of Emperor Xiaowen.
There are many reasons why Ming Chengzu moved to the capital. The reason given in middle school textbooks is that although the Mongols were driven to the prairie at that time, they still had considerable military strength and harassed the northern border of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, Beijing is not peaceful. It exists as a military center. Zhu Yuanzhang imprisoned Judy in Beijing, hoping that his son could take the place of hero, so as to make the regime of the Ming Dynasty more stable. At that time, Mongolian tribes and other ethnic tribes (such as Jurchen) still threatened the Zhu Ming Dynasty, and Ming Chengzu moved the capital to defend the frontier.
In addition, in the battle of Jingnan, Judy slaughtered former ministers at Nanjing Mansion. Since Judy proclaimed himself emperor, first of all, he felt that there was too much bloodshed in Nanjing. In the square of the Forbidden City in the Ming Dynasty, blood was everywhere from the palace gallery to the Yuhuatai attached to Guo, which made the newly appointed emperor inevitably witness and feel uneasy. Under this stimulus, I moved my plan to move the capital. Out of sight, out of mind, out of mind. Second, because Judy has been guarding Beiping for many years and knows the important position of this place in the military, she resolutely decided to move the capital to the Ming Dynasty.
Personally, Judy has been guarding Beijing since she was 2 1 and spent a lot of time there. The climate between Beijing and Nanjing is very different, and Judy, who has reached middle age, may not be able to adapt to the rainy and sultry weather in Nanjing. It's not in this history book. )
The famous event of moving the capital in ancient China;
Pan Geng moved to Yin.
The first peak of China civilization appeared in Shang Dynasty. The earliest special-shaped characters in China appeared in the Shang Dynasty, and reached an amazing height in bronze smelting technology. In addition, the Yin-Shang period was also an era when Chinese civilization expanded rapidly around. The reason why the Shang Dynasty achieved such brilliant civilization achievements was closely related to the event of Pan Geng's capital relocation in the 3rd century BC/KLOC-0. Before Pan Geng, due to the threat of floods and the civil strife of the royal family, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times in more than 300 years. This turbulent political situation led to the gradual decline of Shang Dynasty. Pan Geng resisted the pressure from all sides and moved the capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin on the north bank of the Yellow River. In the next 200 years, the Shang dynasty stopped moving its capital, thus creating a stable political situation, realizing the revival of the Shang dynasty and creating a prerequisite for the Shang dynasty to achieve brilliant civilization achievements. It is precisely because of the important position of Yin capital in Shang Dynasty that later generations got the name of "Yin Shang". From Pan Geng to Yin, the dynastic history of China also ended the era of frequent capital flow, and there appeared the enduring capital of later generations.
Second pingdongqian
In 77 1 year BC, the nomadic dog Rong in western China breached Haojing, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The following year, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital of the Zhou Dynasty from Haojing in the Weishui River Basin to Luoyi on the south bank of the Yellow River, which was known as "moving eastward". This event of moving the capital is the historical dividing line between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and it also announces the arrival of a new era-the Spring and Autumn Period. Abandoning Haojing means that the Zhou Dynasty no longer has the strength to compete with western nomads and has to move to the safer lower reaches of the Yellow River. Since then, the political focus of the Western Zhou Dynasty has shifted to the East, and the powerful vassal states in the East have risen one after another, which began to exert a great influence on China's politics. However, Zhou Shi's move to the capital weakened the Zhou Dynasty's ability to control the vassal states, and the history of China finally ended the era of the authority of the Zhou Emperor and entered the Spring and Autumn Period when the ceremony collapsed and the music broke down. Moving the capital also produced a vassal state, which will have a great impact on the history of China. The Qin people who were originally herding horses for the Zhou Emperor in the Wei River Valley were rewarded by the Zhou Emperor for escorting Zhou Pingwang to move the capital, and the State of Qin was established in the Wei River Valley far away from the Zhou Dynasty.
The third Qin moved to Xianyang.
As we all know, the strength of Qin State began with Shang Yang's political reform. One of the measures of Shang Yang's political reform was to move the capital to Xianyang. The State of Qin moved from Wang Ping to the East Queen and was established in the Weishui Valley. At first, its territory was narrow and it was located in the west, so it was very close to the nomadic people in the west, even mixed. Therefore, it is far from the Central Plains countries in economy and culture, lagging behind in all aspects, and has not been recognized by the Central Plains countries for a long time. If Qin really wants to become the overlord of the Central Plains, from weak to strong, it must shift its political focus eastward, and Shang Yang certainly knows this. At his insistence, the capital of Qin finally moved from the western oak country to Xianyang in the lower reaches of Weihe River. Since then, Xianyang has been the political center of Qin and even China for more than one hundred years. Qin moved its capital to the east, and its political center moved eastward, which made Qin truly become a political power on an equal footing with other countries in the Central Plains, and created an important prerequisite for Qin's later great cause of reunifying China.
The fourth Jinshi moved south.
Since the Xia Dynasty, the political center of China has been changing between the Yellow River Basin and the Weishui Basin, and the economic center of China has been in these areas. However, this situation finally began to change with the large-scale southward migration of northern nomads in the late Western Jin Dynasty. In 3 16 AD, Xiongnu troops attacked Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, captured Di Chin Chen, and the Western Jin Dynasty was declared extinct. The following year, the adherents of the Jin Dynasty took Jiankang in the south of the Yangtze River as their capital, which continued the imperial unification of the Jin Dynasty, that is, the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The southward migration of Jinshi is of great significance in the history of China. First of all, this made a political center appear in the south for the first time in China's history. Although Sun Wu once established his capital as Jianye (namely Jiankang), compared with the political status of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Jiankang appeared as the capital of an "orthodox dynasty". After more than 200 years, no matter how turbulent the political situation in the north was, Jiankang's political position remained unshakable and it was always the center of the Southern Dynasties' rule, which also made Nanjing one of the most important cities in China. Secondly, with this southward migration, there has been a huge immigration tide. The southward migration of a large number of northern intellectuals and producers who have mastered advanced technology has given Jiangnan, which has been lagging behind for a long time, a great opportunity for development, and also opened the curtain of the southward migration of China's economic center.
The fifth is Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty who moved the capital.
The sixth hail moved south.
Like the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty established by Jurchen faced the same problem after conquering the northern part of China, that is, how to deepen the pure military conquest. Since the reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, the Nuzhen rulers began the process of gradual sinicization. However, during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, the political center of Jin State was still in Huining House, which was located in the northeast corner, which was not conducive to the rule of the Yellow River Basin. Therefore, after King Hailing came to power, he put moving the capital on the agenda as a top priority. In order to overcome the resistance and move the capital smoothly, King Hailing took extreme measures and completely ruined his trip to Beijing. With an iron fist, Jin Guo finally completed the great cause of moving the capital to the capital in 1 153. Since then, the political center of the State of Jin has moved from the far northeast to the Han area south of the Great Wall, and this dynasty has also successfully changed from the frontier dynasty to the Central Plains dynasty, which is politically conducive to the rule of Jurchen. It is worth mentioning that the real final destination of Hailing King is Kaifeng, but this goal of Hailing King has not been achieved due to the failure of the subsequent Southern Expedition War. As a result, Zhongdu, which was originally just a transit point for moving the capital, became the capital of Guo Xu. Beijing began to occupy an important position in the history of China.
The seventh yuan moved to Dadu
/kloc-The rise of Mongolia in the 3rd century changed the history of China and the world, and the four-century division of China since the end of the Tang Dynasty finally ended in the hands of the Mongols. As far as Mongolian conquest of China is concerned, apart from military means, the sinicization of Mongolian regime itself is also an important factor. Kublai Khan, who inherited the mantle of Genghis Khan and Wokuotai, began to transform Mongolia's original slave military state system based on nomadic economy with outstanding political vision after defeating Ali Buge to become the Great Khan of Mongolia. The most important aspect of political reform is to follow the example of the Han nationality to establish the feudal dynasty-Yuan Dynasty, and move the capital of Mongolia from the forest in the grassland to the metropolis. It should be said that moving the capital is a very important move for the Mongolian regime. Since the Yuan Dynasty established its capital, the Mongolian regime gradually realized the Central Plains, and gradually put politics on the right track according to the model of the Han feudal country, thus laying an important political foundation for the Yuan Dynasty to finally stabilize its rule over China.
The Eighth Yongle moved northward.
The 9th Qing Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing.
A.D. 1644 is a stormy year, during which the history of China has undergone earth-shaking changes. First of all, peasant rebels from Li Zicheng invaded Peking, and the Zhu Ming Dynasty, which ruled China for 276 years, perished. Only after more than forty days, the Manchu army once again set foot in Beijing. After the Qing army occupied Beijing, the talented Regent Dourgen immediately made a decision to move the capital to Beijing. Only half a year later, the capital of the Qing dynasty moved from Shengjing, a city outside the customs, to Beijing. Since then, the Qing Dynasty ruled China with Beijing as its capital for 268 years. It should be said that compared with a few dynasties in the history of China, the political vision of the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty was outstanding. They did not take the old road of conquering the whole country militarily first and then moving the capital inland. But the first time to move the capital to Shanhaiguan, occupy the political center of China, and conquer the whole country militarily. This political move made the Manchu regime sinicized rapidly, and soon gained a firm foothold in the Han area, which had a great impact on history of qing dynasty.
The 10th government moved to Chongqing.
1937, the long-simmering all-out war between China and Japan finally broke out. For China, this war is a life-and-death struggle for the survival of the nation-state. As far as the power comparison between China and Japan at that time was concerned, Japan's advantage over China reached the maximum in history, so China could not stop Japan's powerful offensive at the beginning of the war, and the fall of the capital Nanjing was inevitable. In view of this, the National Government had to move the capital on a large scale. The relocation of the capital was carried out in stages. The first stage is from Nanjing to Wuhan. After the fall of Wuhan, the National Government moved westward to Chongqing, which lasted for more than a year and finally completed the relocation. This move to the capital enabled China to keep the government clean and resist the Japanese army, and also declared to the world China's determination to resist to the end. This move by the National Government is also the last one in the history of China. Since then, China has no history of moving the capital.