Lao Cang: I'm afraid of old people with gray hair. Du Fu's poem Zhuang You says: "Young people make old friends."
Old man: The old man claims to be. Book of rites? Qu Lishang: "The doctor became an official at the age of seventy ... calling himself an old lady."
Old woman: The old man claimed to be. "Northern history? Biography of Mu Chongchuan: "I have been a servant for twenty years. "
Flower armor: refers to an old man of sixty. Chronology of Tang Poetry Volume 66: "Zhao Mu, a middle school student in Xian Tong, and Li Changji wrote a short song and said to the wine,' Draw sixty flowers by hand, and the wheel will fall like a pearl'."
Gu Xi: A 70-year-old man. Du Fu's "Qujiang" poem: "Wine and debt together, life is seventy years old."
Cave: refers to the elderly in their eighties and nineties. Book of rites? Qu Lishang: "890 years."
Yi: It refers to centenarians. Book of rites? Qu Lishou: "A hundred years is a long time."
An old chap like me: the old man feels inferior. Su Shi's poem "Zhang Zhifu gives a gift to Cui Huizhen": "Give it to the old lady and give an old buddy like me a surprise."
Old age: the humble name of the elderly. Su Shi and Feng Zuren wrote: "Insulting culture and education is tiring, and the meaning is abrupt, paying equal attention to ceremony and righteousness, which is beyond the reach of an old man."
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I. Oral appellation
Ancient appellation
China is known as an ancient civilization, and the world praises it as a country of etiquette and gentlemen, even if it is a heated debate.
In the war, our ancestors also paid attention to the beauty of language. The Book of Rites says, "The beauty of words, Emperor Mu Mu."
Jiang Mumu: the sum of respect; The emperor is fair and beautiful. In other words, talk to people with respect, kindness and elegance.
At present, we only call each other's pronouns "you" and "you", but in ancient times, although there were "you, er, if, er, nai"
There are several appellations, but they never use these words when talking to their elders and peers, thinking that they are so called.
It's impolite to shout. The ancient people showed respect in various ways, as follows.
1. Address each other with "noble character", such as "son, master, sir", etc.
2. Respect each other according to generations, such as "father, father, father-in-law, mother, wife, old man".
3, according to each other's words, number.
4. Add the words "virtuous, respectful and high" when addressing the other party's identity. Such as "good nephew" and "good husband".
5. Calling each other by their department means that they dare not point at each other out of respect. For example, "Chasing"
"The next generation is called the emperor;" Your Highness is called the queen and the prince; Your Excellency and your first step are called ordinary people.
In addition to "I", the first person pronouns in ancient times also included "Yu, Wu, Yu, I, Taiwan and Mao". But the ancients were right.
When elders or peers speak, they don't use polite address, but they use polite address without exception. For example:
1. Call yourself "immoral" or "not smart". If you call yourself "I, a villain, a fool, a foolish brother".
2. Call yourself "junior". For example, calling yourself "little brother, little nephew" and so on.
3. Use the term "low status *" to call it. For example, call yourself "minister, servant, servant, son, ox and horse, go down by yourself" and so on.
4. Express your identity and status, and sometimes add words such as "humble, insignificant and pitiful". For example, calling yourself a "disciple, a student,
Xiao Sheng, poor monk, humble position, humble position, etc.
5. Call yourself by your first name. For example, Confucius called himself "autumn".
The polite language of the ancients is also manifested in: when talking about behavior, people, things and things related to each other,
Most of them use respectful and euphemistic expressions, such as:
Address other people's surnames, first names, and words as "your surnames, first names, respect for taboos, respect for words" and so on.
Call other people's ages "noble, respectful, young and long-lived".
Call other people's residences "Zunfu, Fu Shang, Zunyu, Huaju" and so on.
Call other people's manners and appearance "personable" and so on.
Call other people's bodies "county corpses" and so on.
Call the death of other people's relatives "an old friend, a guest, and a fairy."
Similarly, when it comes to people and things related to ourselves, we always use modesty. For example:
Calling his wife an idiot.
Tell your child to "rest, son".
Call your friends "our friends".
Call your own affairs "things".
Call your point of view "stupid, stupid."
Call your own official "waiting for sin."
Asking a person is called asking a question.
Answer people and say "report" or something.
There is also a very prominent word in ancient Chinese, which is called "modest adverb" For example, "Mongolia, theft, happiness, accusation, humiliation, respect,
Hui, Jin and so on.
These modest adverbs, as well as the honorific, modest, euphemistic and taboo words mentioned above, belong to our country.
The ancient polite language embodies the fine tradition of China's ancient language beauty.
Dating appellation
People always have to make friends. Since ancient times, there have been clear names for what kind of friends to make.
Forget to make friends: break the age and generational differences and become good friends.
Forgetting: informal imperfection or ugliness, forming friends who don't distinguish between you and me.
Friendship between gentlemen: refers to moral friendship, that is, friends who support each other morally
Invincible: it means that there is a connection between you, and there is nothing that cannot be violated.
Cold neck: refers to the deep friendship, the ability to live and die together, and the adversity.
Poor friends: friends you made when you were poor.
Buyi: No officials make friends with each other.
A friend in need: We became friends through tempering.
Best friend: the friend with the deepest friendship.
Family friend: refers to the friendship between the two families for generations.
Old friend: old friend, old friend, old friend, generally referring to long-standing friendship.
Simple acquaintance: I only know, but I don't know much about it.
Market loyalty: friends who did business in ancient times were called friends of villains because they valued profits and forgot righteousness.
Respect others
Your father: address each other's father respectfully.
Your mother: address each other's mother respectfully.
Your son (your son, your husband, your heir): address each other's son respectfully.
Ai Ling (Lingyuan): Address each other's daughter respectfully.
Your son-in-law (Detective, Lingqian): Address the other son-in-law.
Daughter-in-law: Address each other's daughter-in-law.
Zheng Ling (Ling Shuo, Xian Ge, your wife): Address each other's wives respectfully.
Zi Qiao: Call people father and son.
Kun Yu (Kun Zhong): Call people brothers.
Your nephew: Call him nephew.
Kench: Call yourself a student.
Gaozu: Call someone else's student.
Humble yourself
My father (Jia Yan, Jia Jun): Call yourself father.
My mom (Jia Ci): Call yourself mom.
Brother and sister: Call yourself brother and sister.
Shebei, Shemei: Call yourself a sister.
My nephew: I call myself my nephew.
My wife (wife, wife, humble Jing): Call yourself your wife.
My wife: Call her husband.
Dog (dolphin, dog, boy): Call yourself son.
Daughter: Call yourself a daughter.
Friend: Call yourself a friend.
Common honorifics
Please: I want something from each other.
Excuse me: Ask the other party to answer the question.
Teacher: Please advise.
High opinion: weigh each other's views and opinions.
What's your last name? Ask the other person's last name.
Gui Geng (Fang Ling): Ask the other person's age.
Longevity (advanced age) is used to ask the age of old people.
Zunfu (mansion, residence, residence): address the other person's residence.
Visit: visit.
Visit: visit.
Please: the client does things.
Farewell: Farewell.
Please: respectfully request.
Wait: wait respectfully.
Visit: The guests have arrived.
Patronize (patronize): The store welcomes customers.
Good night: See you tonight.
Accompany: accompany. (His behavior involves the other party's use of "Toyoko")
Gift: gift.
Return: Return.
Tell: tell.
Suggestion: suggestion.
Support: service and support (respect for one's relatives).
Congratulations: Congratulations on each other's success.
Masayoshi: When you give your poems, paintings and works to others, use this word to show that you ask them for advice.
Correction: Ask people to modify and suggest their own poems, paintings and works.
Common polite expressions
Forgive: ask for forgiveness from others, and don't care.
Please: Used to request or thank the other party for their help.
Interference: disturbing.
Difficult: Thank each other for their help.
I have admired it for a long time.
Long time no see: Long time no see.
Ask: Used to ask someone to do something.
Worry: Need energy.
Excuse me: please give it convenience.
Tolerance: Asking for tolerance or forgiveness.
Suggestion: Please give me your suggestion.
Thank you: Thank you very much.
Disrespect: blame yourself for being impolite.
Rude: I feel impolite.
Excuse me: it means that you can't accompany others for some reason.
Stay: Please wait or don't see me off again.
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Many ancient civilization names in China are still in use today. For example, parents are called Gao Tang, Chun Xuan and parents; Call other people's parents your parents; Call other people's brothers and sisters your brothers and sisters; Call other people's children your son, your daughter; Claiming that my parents and brothers and sisters are my father, strict family, kind family, brothers and sisters; Call someone else's yard your home and respect your home; Call yourself a humble abode, shed and thatched cottage. Wife and father, commonly known as husbands, are as elegant as father-in-law and Mount Tai. Brother is Kun Zhong, Tang Di, brother. Husband and wife are beautiful, and spouses are partners. A woman is a woman; Men are men. Teachers are teachers, teachers and mentors; Students are students, and students are also students. The school is a cold window; Classmates are classmates again.
After the death of parents, add the word "first" to the address. When the father dies, he is called my late father, and he is strict and takes the test first; Mother's death is called first mother, first good, first step; Add the word "death" after the death of peers, such as deceased wives, brothers and sisters. Husband and wife are widowed when they die, and wives are widowed when their husbands die. After his wife died, she called her husband a widow.
The pronoun of age
The ancients had different names for different ages. For example:
General angle: children, hair tied into a bun. "Book of Rites Neize" "Fuji, the general angle." Zheng Xuan's note: "Total angle, send and receive." Later, children's childhood was called "the general perspective". Tao Qian's preface to Murong: "When you hear this word from the general perspective, if you are white, you will not achieve anything." The "white head" here is called old age.
Hanging a bun: also refers to a child's childhood. In ancient times, when children were minors, they didn't wear hats and their hair drooped, so "hanging bun" was called children's childhood. Tao Qian's Peach Blossom Garden: "I am happy when the yellow hair hangs down." The yellow hair here is also called old age.
Bundle of hair: Ancient men wore their hair in a bun on their heads in childhood, and later called it childhood. Dai Fu Bao: "Let's go to college, learn great arts and complete the festival." Gui Youguang's Selected Records of Ji Xiang: "I am reading."
Adult children: In ancient times, men were called "adult children" when they reached the age of fifteen. Inside Li Xin: "Become a child, dance like an elephant, and learn to shoot." Zheng Xuan's Note: "Adults and children are over 15 years old." "Biography of Gu Li in the Later Han Dynasty": "Gu disciple, Runan Guo Liang, became a child at the age of 18 and studied in Luoyang." Li Xian's Note: "An adult child is fifteen years old." There is also "The Biography of Gu Liang Zhao Gong in Nineteen Years": "If the son does not have the Lord, the father will be guilty." Fan Ning's Note: "Adults and children are over eight years old." It can be seen that there are different opinions about how old to be an adult.
Harmony: the fifteenth day of the ancient women's year was called "Harmony Year", also called "Harmony Year". It's a hairpin. It's the age at which you can insert a hairpin. Yi Li in the Soul: "Women are allowed to marry, but this is a word." The Book of Rites: "A woman promises to marry, ... ten years and five years." It also points out the age of marriage. "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio Rouge": "Dongchang Bian Shi, Doctor Niu, has a daughter, small print Rouge ... so he can't find the word."
Broken melon: In the old days, the literati took the word "melon" apart and made it into two characters. 16 years old was called "broken melon", which was mostly used for women in poetry. Because eight times eight is sixty-four, and sixty-four is also called "broken melon". Yan Lu wrote a poem for Zhang: "Attack in the year of breaking melons."
Weak crown: Ancient men were crowned at the age of 20. Therefore, the Lord calls 20 years old a "weak crown". Weakness means youth, and a crown means wearing an adult hat and holding a big gift. Zuo Si's poem "Ode to Friends" said: "A weak crown makes a soft one, and an old man looks at a group of books."
There is a saying in The Analects of Confucius: "Confucius said,' At ten, I am determined to learn five; at thirty, I stand; at forty, I am not confused; at fifty, I know my destiny; at sixty, I follow my ears; at seventy, I follow my wishes; I do not overstep my bounds'". Later, he was called 30 years old by Foothold, and Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio, Monk Changqing said, "Friends may go to their hometown. Taking "No doubt" as 40 years old, I responded to "Answering Han Wenxian's letter": "I was not confused when I was young"; Taking "know life" as the pronoun of 50 years old, Pan Yue wrote in "Preface to Living in Idleness": "The weak crown is related to the year of know life, and eight disciples are officials and one is advanced. "Taking" Er Shun "as the representative name of 60 years old, Yu Xin wrote" Nanming of Aunt Li's Tomb ":"My wife has passed the age of Er Shun, and she keeps hearing about it. "
The ancients also called 50 years old "Ai" and 60 years old "Mao". The Book of Rites Quli: "Fifty is Ai, ... and sixty is Mao ..." It can also refer to old age. Xunzi Shi Zhi: "Xin Ai can be a teacher."
Gu Xi: Du Fu's Qujiang poem: "Wine and debt together, life is seventy years old." Later, I took "Gu Xi" as my 70-year-old agent.
Yi: "Poetry Qin Neighborhood": "The dead are gone." Mao Chuan: "I am old. Eighty years old. " "Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Jiu Nian": "Treat the old with your uncle, and you will get the first class, and you will have nothing to worship." Du Pre-note: "Eighty days."
Mao: On the Book of Rites and Quli: "Eighty or ninety is Mao." Huan Kuan's "On Salt and Iron, Xiao Jing" is also called "80 points" Qi Xi: "A hundred years is a long time." Zheng Xuan's Note: "The period is still there; Hey, raise it. " Kong Xidan explained: "The diet, shelter and activities of a centenarian are all necessary conditions for raising." Later, I used "Yi" to represent centenarians. Su Shi's "Two Rhymes and Three Trilogy": "You might as well build it everywhere, and you can count on it in a few years."
There is also the saying of "Ding Nian", which generally refers to a mature year, that is, the prime of life. The poem "Su Wu Temple" says: "Looking back at the balcony doesn't count, but keeping a green hat and sword." However, different dynasties have different regulations, such as 20 years old in lazy dynasty and 23 years old in Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.
Your majesty, your highness, your Excellency, your first step
"Your Majesty", "Your Highness", "Your Excellency" and "First Step" are all honorifics in ancient appellations.
"Your Majesty" refers to the steps of the palace. "Your Majesty" was originally reflected in the waiter at the foot of the steps. the Chen Dynasty
When the son of heaven speaks, he dares not call the son of heaven. He must ask the waiter under the steps to tell him first. Later, "Your Majesty" became a pair of emperors.
Salute.
"Your Highness" and "Your Majesty" are the same meaning. Originally, it was also a tribute to the son of heaven, but with the development of history, the appellation object
However, it changed later, and after the Han Dynasty, it evolved into a respectful name for the prince and the prince. After the Tang Dynasty, there were only the Crown Prince and the Queen.
Empress Dowager Cixi can be called "Your Highness".
"Your Excellency" is an ancient respect for others. Often used in letters. The original intention is to meet relatives and peers.
It's inconvenient to call his name, so people often ask his attendants to tell him first, and the people who call his attendants "Your Excellency" gradually evolved later.
Words of respect for friends and relatives.
In ancient times, the word "first step" was used as a title or as a peer. Such as "Historical Records of Xiang Yu": "Zhang
Jinliang thanked him and said ... I would like to ask you to give me a pair of white walls to worship your majesty's feet; Fight a pair of jade and then worship the general. " "
These honorifics are still often used in foreign exchanges (letters, speeches at banquets).
Sir, miss, lady.
"Sir": The Analects of Confucius, which first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, is political: "There is wine and food" and "delicious". Note: "Mr. refers to father and brother."
Yes "In the Warring States period," Mr. "generally refers to a virtuous and learned elder. For the first time in history, the teacher was called "Sir".
It was first seen in Quli. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Taoist priests, doctors, fortune tellers, drug sellers and fortune tellers have been regarded as the first.
Healthy. Since the Qing Dynasty, the title of "Mr." began to fade in people's minds. After the Revolution of 1911, "Sir"
The name ""is widely circulated again.
"Miss": The truest address is a maid-in-waiting, concubine, artist, etc. In the yuan dynasty, "
"Miss" gradually rose to the title of unmarried aristocratic women. Such as "The West Chamber", "Only one young lady is born, the word warbler.
Warbler In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the word "Miss" finally developed into a noble title for unmarried women and gradually spread.
When it comes to people.
Madame: It was first seen in The Book of Songs, Elegant and Drunk: Madame Lear. The "lady" here refers to a virtuous woman.
Like the later "Qianjin", it is an honorific title for women and unmarried women.
Various titles of wives
Xiaojun and Xijun: First called the wives of princes, and later as wives.
Wife: In the past, husbands called their wives to others, which was rooted in the old idea that men were masters of the outside world and women were masters.
Inside.
Roommate: Most of them are addresses for other people's wives.
My humble Jing and: Originated from Cloth Skirt, it originally refers to the costume of Meng Guang, the wife of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was later used by later generations.
Modest words
Torture room, Jing's wife: It means modesty and poverty.
Hair salon: original wife.
Second wife, second wife: Because the ancients often compared the relationship between husband and wife with harps, they called the death of their wives "second wife".
Concubine, concubine, little wife, Xiaoxing, such as wife, such as wife, wing room, wing room, auxiliary room are all little wives.