Smile is a product of tropical and subtropical Asia, which is abundant in China, such as Guangzhou, Fujian and Jiangnan.
(A) morphological characteristics
Morphological characteristics: evergreen shrubs or small trees. Densely branched, forming a circular crown. Branchlets and petioles are densely brown tomentose. Leaves elliptic or obovate-elliptic, leathery, entire, tender green. Flowers are solitary in leaf axils, small and erect, milky yellow or milky white, with 6 petals, purple halo on the edge, fleshy and banana fragrance. Flowering from April to June. The fruit ripens in September.
(2) Ecological habits
Michelia is a warm woody flowering shrub, which likes to be warm and humid, and is not cold-resistant. It can overwinter in the open air in the leeward and sunny places south of the Yangtze River. In summer, it is hot in a semi-cloudy environment, and it is not resistant to the sun. At other times, it is best to put it in a sunny place. Not tolerant of dryness and barrenness, but also afraid of water accumulation, it needs well-drained, fertile slightly acidic loam and neutral soil to adapt. Smiling flowers are warm, humid, not cold-resistant, suitable for semi-cloudy, and suitable for acidic and well-drained soil, so potted plants are used in places with unfavorable environment, and the frost in late autumn moves forward to the mixing room and overwinters at around 10℃. The growth law of ground diameter and seedling height of Michelia is basically the same, that is, from slow growth to moderate growth to rapid growth to stop growth. Generally, it grows slowly from April to June, moderately in July, and grows fastest from August to 10, and1to 12 grows slowly and stops growing.
(3) Use
Laughter is an important and precious garden flower in China, which is often planted in parks and private courtyards in the south of the Yangtze River. Because of its chlorine tolerance, it is also a good tree species for greening in industrial and mining areas. Its shade tolerance can be planted in the north of buildings, under trees, beside sparse forests, or indoor potted plants. Buds can be used as medicine, and flowers contain aromatic oil, which can be used as medicine.
There are several species of Michelia.
1. Michelia Lechang: evergreen tree, also known as Jinglie Prynne, 30 meters high, DBH 130 cm. It is distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan-Guizhou regions, and vertically distributed at an altitude of 300- 1500m. Michelia Lechang has straight trunk, well-proportioned branches, dense branches and leaves, yellow and white flowers, delicate fragrance and good material. Michelia Lechang has a wide adaptability to soil, and it grows rapidly and well under different site conditions, with lush foliage, no sunburn in summer and no freezing injury in winter. Therefore, Michelia Lechang has been widely praised by landscape workers and has been popularized and applied in landscaping in Hangzhou, Shanghai and other places. Flowers and leaves can extract aromatic oil.
Michelia lechangensis
2. Michelia latifolia: evergreen tree, also known as Yunshan Bailan, with a height of 20 meters and a DBH of 70 cm. It is distributed in the provinces south of the Yangtze River and vertically distributed at an altitude of 200- 1200m. Michelia latifolia has low branches, developed lateral branches and an open tree shape. White flowers bloom in early spring, which are large, dense and fragrant. Flowering starts early, and generally 4-5-year-old trees can bloom. It is an excellent flowering tree species in early spring with strong cold tolerance.
3. Michelia flava: evergreen tree, 30m high, DBH 15cm. Distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan-Guizhou provinces. The trunk of Michelia chrysantha is straight, the leaves are large and beautiful, and the terminal buds and the back of the leaves are covered with yellowish-brown fluff, which is golden from a distance. This is its main feature and is very beautiful. The flowers are milky white, yellow-green, large and fragrant, and they are excellent garden ornamental and greening trees.
4. Michelia in the mountains: evergreen trees, 20 meters high, DBH 45 cm, distributed in Hunan, Jiangxi and other provinces and cities. The smiling faces in the mountains are beautiful in tree shape, luxuriant in foliage, evergreen in all seasons, with white flowers in early spring and fragrant. After the fracture in autumn, the bright red aril is exposed and dazzling. It is an excellent flower viewing tree species in early spring, and also an excellent garden and greening tree species around it.
5. Michelia Emei: an evergreen tree with a height of 25 meters and a DBH 100cm is listed as a national second-class key protected tree species. Distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Vertically distributed at an altitude of 400-2000m. Michelia Emei has tall leaves, green leaves, evergreen seasons and upright branches. Double, milky yellow, fragrant. When it blooms in spring and summer, it is yellow and green, bright and dazzling. It is an excellent tree species for landscaping and roadside greening. It grows well in Hangzhou and has blossomed and borne fruit.
6. Michelia multiflora: evergreen tree, 34 meters high, DBH 129cm, slightly tower-shaped crown, lush foliage. The leaves are dark green and shiny on the front, silvery gray on the back, beautiful tree posture, pale yellow or golden yellow flowers, beautiful and fragrant, and it is an excellent landscaping tree species. Vertical distribution is 800- 1500 meters above sea level, and it is mostly found in forests below the middle of both slopes of the valley. The annual average temperature in the distribution area is 12- 17.5℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is-15℃. After being introduced to Hangzhou and Fuyang, it showed strong cold resistance and no freezing injury at the low temperature of-12℃.
7. Smilax glabra: evergreen tree, with a height of 30 meters and a diameter of 80 cm at breast height, straight trunk, tall tree shape, excellent material and large and dense leaves. The flowers are light yellow and slightly fragrant. It has certain resistance to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide. It grows rapidly and is an excellent tree species for greening in parks and industrial and mining areas. It can also be planted as a street tree. Distributed in Hubei, Hunan, Fujian and our province, vertically distributed at an altitude of 500-900 meters. Mostly in valleys, evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests near streams and low slopes. In Hangzhou, it has strong cold tolerance, no freezing injury all the year round, and grows rapidly in acidic soil.
8. Michelia Zui Xiang: also known as pholiota adiposa, an evergreen tree with a height of 35 meters and a DBH of 65,438+000 cm, distributed in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces. Aromatic oil can be extracted from flowers, and bark, roots and leaves can be used as medicine, which has the function of clearing away heat and disinfecting. Seeds can be pressed into oil for fuel. Beautiful tree, white, fragrant and dense, especially with strong fluorine resistance, is an excellent tree species for greening in gardens and industrial and mining areas.
9. Michelia chuanensis: evergreen tree, 28 meters high, DBH 85 cm, endemic to China. Distributed in Sichuan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou and other provinces. Vertical distribution is 800-1500m above sea level. Michelia sichuanensis has a straight trunk, symmetrical branches, lush foliage, majestic tree potential, yellow-green leaves and pale yellow flowers, which is an excellent greening tree species. Introduction and cultivation of Hangzhou Botanical Garden 1978. At present, the height of the tree is about16m, and the DBH is 54cm. Good growth speed and strong cold tolerance. It is a promising greening tree species.
10. Michelia frutescens: evergreen tree, with a height of 10 meter or more, low branches, developed lateral branches and a wide oval crown. It blooms in February and is the earliest cultivated Michelia species in Hangzhou. The flowers are milky white and fragrant. Distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces, it was born in the forest at an altitude of 800- 1500m.
1 1. Michelia yunnanensis (fragrance in leather bag)
Description: Shrub, 4m high. Young branches, young leaf backs, petioles, buds and pedicels are densely covered with crimson velveteen. Leaves leathery, obovate, narrowly obovate, 4 4- 10/0cm long,1.50-3.5m wide, with blunt or short apex. The flowers are white and fragrant, and the flowering period is from March to April. Aggregate fruit and Yu Ying are oblate and mature from August to September.
Origin and distribution: found in forests and mountain bushes at an altitude of 1 10O-2300m in central Guizhou, southern Guizhou and central Yunnan.
Uses: Flowers are very fragrant and are excellent ornamental trees for urban greening. Flowers can extract essence. Leaves are very fragrant and can be ground into powder.
Cultivation of Michelia
Replication technology
Due to the poor natural regeneration ability of Michelia golden leaves, wild resources have been cut down sharply and are on the verge of extinction. In order to protect and rationally develop and utilize this precious tree species, people began to carry out cultivation experiments on this tree species, mainly using seed propagation and grafting methods, as follows:
1. Seed propagation: In the middle and late of 10/0, when the peel color of the fruit changes from yellow-green to purple, and a few fruits crack slightly, it should be harvested in time. Pile the seeds taken out of the shell in a thin room for 2-3 days to make the aril black and soft, then put it into flowing water to rub off the aril, wash it, dry it for 2-3 days, and store it with clean wet sand according to the ratio of three parts of sand to one part of seed. During the storage period of seeds, the sand is easy to dry, and it should be turned over once every half month, so as to prevent rats. By the early March of the following year, when the seeds are about 30% exposed, the whole bed should be sown at the right time. The nursery is well drained, convenient for irrigation, deep and fertile, and the soil preparation method is the same as that of conventional seedling raising. Apply sufficient base fertilizer, pad yellow mud with a thickness of 1cm in the sowing ditch, evenly spread the germinated and disinfected seeds on the yellow mud, cover them with mountain ash with a thickness of 1cm, and cover them with grass to keep moisture. One month after sowing, the seedlings began to emerge and the temperature began to rise. It is necessary to build a shade shed in time for shade protection in order to facilitate the growth of seedlings. In the seedling growing season, the nursery should be diligent in weeding and keeping the soil loose. Attention should be paid to eliminating the accumulated water in the nursery in rainy season to prevent root rot of seedlings. Michelia golden leaf has developed fibrous roots, swollen leaves and large amount of fertilizer. Fertilizers should be applied once every half month, and attention should be paid to insect prevention. Through the above technical measures and careful management, the height of seedlings can reach 30 ~ 50 cm and the ground diameter is 0.7 ~ 1.0 cm.
2. Grafting propagation: Because Michelia flavescens has a significant fruiting age and a tall tree shape, it is very difficult to collect seeds, so grafting propagation is often used. Magnolia grandiflora and Betula platyphylla with an annual diameter greater than 0.8 cm are selected as rootstocks. After the annual rain festival, the sun is shining and the branches of birch are pruned and grafted. The survival rate is above 90%. After that, sprout removal and intertillage weeding should be carried out in time to strengthen fertilizer and water management. The height of seedlings in that year can reach 80 ~ 100cm.
cultivation techniques
The propagation of Michelia is mainly seed propagation.
1. Selection of nursery soil and production of seedbed
The soil where Michelia is planted should be loose, ventilated and well drained, and it should be loose, fertile and rich in humus, otherwise it will cause poor plant growth, root rot and even illness and death. Apply base fertilizer properly when planting. General garden soil can be properly mixed with river sand, humus soil and decomposed manure to meet the above requirements.
In seedbed production, the nursery should be deeply ploughed before sowing, and the soil preparation should be meticulous, so as to achieve "three plows and three harrows". Apply sufficient base fertilizer every 667m? 2 apply 2500kg of column fertilizer, at the same time, every 667m? 2 5kg of 70% thiophanate-methyl was used for soil disinfection and 2kg of 90% trichlorfon was used for soil pest control. After soil disinfection, bed construction began. The height of the bed is 25 cm, the width of the bed is 1 10 ~ 120 cm, and the width of the walking ditch is 30 ~ 35 cm. The bed surface is slightly turtle-backed, and there are drains around it. The side ditch is deep and the middle ditch is shallow, so there is no water in the ditch when the rain stops.
2. Seed treatment:
Seeds can be sown at the time of collection or stored in wet sand until the end of February to the beginning of March in early spring. In order to improve the germination rate of seeds and reduce the trouble of sand storage, seeds can be directly sown after drying in the shade. Before sowing, soak the seeds in 0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 2 hours, put them in warm water to accelerate germination for 24 hours, take them out and put them in a bamboo raft to dry. After the seeds are dried, they are dressed with calcium magnesium phosphate.
If the harvested Michelia seeds are immediately stored with wet sand or refrigerated with mixed wet sand at low temperature (1-5℃) for about 2.5-3 months, the germination rate of the seeds stored by the above methods can reach more than 60%, and rats and others should be strictly prevented from eating harmful seeds by mistake during storage. Soak the seeds in warm water for 20-24 hours before sowing, and then soak them in 1% potassium permanganate for 20-30 minutes to sterilize and accelerate germination, which can make the seed germination rate reach 20%-80%.
3. Sowing technology
Sow the seeds after soaking in furrows in a field seedbed with a height of 25-30cm and a width of 1.2m, and disinfect the soil on the bed surface with 1% ferrous sulfate solution or 0.5% copper sulfate solution in advance. The depth of seeds buried in soil is 0.8- 1.0 cm. After sowing, set up an arch shed covered with plastic film to keep moisture and heat up.
The row spacing is 25cm, the sowing amount is 8 ~ 10 kg/667 m, and the sowing ditch depth is 1.5 ~ 2 cm. After sowing, cover the seeds with burnt mud ash with a thickness of about 1cm, and then cover them with 1 ~ 2 cm yellow soil. In order to keep the soil of seedlings loose and moist, which is beneficial to the germination and excavation of seeds, it is necessary to cover Leymus chinensis with a layer of soilless thickness. After sowing, it is necessary to strengthen the field management of the nursery. In addition to spreading poisonous rats on sidewalks and surrounding areas, ditch cleaning and drainage should be done in time in rainy days, and watering and moisturizing should be done in dry days. ?
transplant
It can be transplanted before germination in early spring or early winter, but no matter the size of the plant, it is necessary to bring soil balls and properly trim the branches and leaves. In case the soil ball is loose, the upper branches and leaves of the soil must be cut off again in time, otherwise the whole plant will die. When transplanting, the plants should carry soil balls, which can be carried out from mid-March to mid-April. It is best to choose a place with sparse forests, loose soil and good drainage for planting.
manage
At the beginning of April, when the average temperature was about 65438 05℃, the seeds began to germinate. When 70% ~ 80% seedlings are unearthed, Leymus chinensis can be pulled out on cloudy days or sunny nights, and 70% thiophanate-methyl 0. 125% solution and 0.5% thiophanate-methyl 0. 125% solution can be used the next day after pulling out. Alternately spray the same amount of Bordeaux mixture for 2 ~ 3 times to prevent diseases.
In the early growth stage (from April to mid-June), the high growth of Michelia accounted for 65,438+03.6% of the annual growth, and the seedlings grew slowly and had poor stress resistance. Weeding, loosening soil and proper fertilization should be done well. From late April to late May, 3% ~ 5% diluted human manure and 2% decomposed cake fertilizer were applied every 10 ~ 15d. After June, pour 0.2% compound fertilizer around the roots of seedlings, and try not to pour the solution on the leaves.
When the sun is strong in summer, it should be cultivated under a shady shed, paying attention to watering and sprinkling water on the ground to keep the environment moist. If the water quality is alkaline, 0.3% ferrous sulfate (black alum) should be added to neutralize the water. During the growing period, apply dilute decomposed liquid fertilizer once every half month to promote vigorous branches and leaves. Potted plants should be turned over every two years and replaced with new soil. Smiling flowers are often hurt by scale insects and sooty blotch. When the scale insects are found, they can be brushed off immediately, and the coal pollution can be sprayed clean and eliminated by themselves.
The growth period of Michelia is 10 from late June to mid-June, and the growth of tree height and ground diameter accounts for 68.9% and 60.0% of the annual growth respectively. At this time, the temperature is high and the weather is hot, so it is necessary to do a good job of drought relief in time, cover the seedbed with a shade shed with a height exceeding 1.20 m, cover the seedbed with a single-layer sunshade net with a light transmittance of 55%, fill the trail with water, and release the water immediately after the seedbed is soaked. And use 0.2% compound fertilizer and urea alternately around the roots of seedlings, and try not to pour the solution on the leaves. After August, combine with loosening the soil and apply 5 ~ 8kg compound fertilizer each time to promote the growth of seedlings. In late September, the seedlings stopped topdressing. During this period, Papilio Papilio is easy to eat the tender leaves of seedlings, which leads to poor seedling growth. Therefore, 50% trichlorfon and 0. 1% marathon emulsion should be sprayed.
Apply thin decomposed human feces once a month during the growing period. Michelia grows rapidly. After flowering in spring and before new leaves grow, the pots should be changed once a year to facilitate growth and development. In order to ventilate the canopy, it can be pruned once a year in March to remove over-dense branches, twigs and dead branches. Cut off the young fruit branches in time after flowering and put them in a place facing south and sunny.
Fertilization management is mainly carried out in the fast-growing period (July-September). From the beginning of July, 0. 1%-0.3% urea was added every 7 days, with a total of 1 time, and it was applied for 8 times continuously. From early September to mid-October, potassium dihydrogen phosphate/kloc-0 was sprayed every 7 days. Spraying 0. 1%-0.3% boric acid solution 1 time every 7 days from mid-October of1to mid-February of1to promote seedling health and enhance cold resistance.
According to the characteristics that some young leaves of Artemisia annua seedlings are vulnerable to mild chilling injury, we adopted increasing application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in autumn and spraying trace elements zinc and magnesium on leaves to improve photosynthesis and increase dry matter accumulation. Spraying trace element boron on leaves can promote the growth of seedlings and enhance their cold resistance. Before the low temperature of -5℃ comes in winter, the seedbed is covered with film protection measures to make the seedlings overwinter safely.
Eliminate pests and diseases
From late April to early July, seedlings are prone to root rot, stem rot and anthracnose, so the diseased seedlings should be pulled out in time and burned centrally. Spray 1% ~ 3% ferrous sulfate solution every 4 ~ 6 days for 2 ~ 4 times continuously, and sprinkle quicklime 15kg/667m2 or more on the seedbed.
From late April to mid-May, grubs, cutworms and other underground pests easily bite the roots and stems of seedlings, which easily leads to seedling death. Therefore, ditch cleaning and drainage can be done well in rainy season, and the seedbed can be irrigated with 0. 1% solution of 90% trichlorfon marathon emulsion after inserting holes with bamboo sticks, and the effect is good.
It is susceptible to scale insects from May to June. When the population density of scale insects on leaves is too high, 50% marathon, 40% dimethoate 0. 1% solution or 25% phoxim 0. 125% solution should be sprayed for control.