Cradle of human civilization 1, four ancient civilizations: ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon, ancient India and ancient China. These four ancient countries are called the cradles of world civilization, because they first entered slave society from primitive society. (Originated from rivers)
2. Pyramid (the tomb of Pharaoh in ancient Egypt), which is a symbol of the power of the Egyptian king.
King Hammurabi of Babylon unified the two river basins and established a centralized slave country.
Status of code of hammurabi: It was the first relatively complete written code in the ancient world.
Code of hammurabi reflects the exploitation of slaves by slave owners.
4. India's caste system
(1) The caste system divides society into four classes: Brahmins, Khshatriya, Vedas and sudra.
The king is in second place.
(1) Ruling class: Brahmins (priests, nobles), Khrushchev (kings, warriors);
② Ruling classes: Vedas (Aryan civilians) and sudra (conquered Indians);
(2) Features: hierarchical.
Why did ancient civilizations appear in large river basins?
A: The regular flooding of rivers provides abundant water sources and fertile soil, which is conducive to the development of agricultural production, thus promoting the development of handicrafts and commerce.
Russian October Revolution 1, February Revolution: ① Time:1965438+March 2007; ② Nature: bourgeois democratic revolution; Results: The autocratic rule of the czar was overthrown and the bourgeois provisional government was established. (4) After the February Revolution, two regimes coexisted: the bourgeois provisional government (the main regime) and the workers and soldiers representing the Soviet Union.
1965438+ Lenin returned to China in April 2004. -In August, the policy of armed uprising was determined.
2. October Revolution: ① Time:1917165438+1October 6-7; Results: The bourgeois provisional government was overthrown, and the first Soviet government of workers and peasants, the People's Committee, was established, and Lenin was elected as its chairman.
Measures taken: ① establishing a new type of proletarian regime; (2) nationalizing banks, railways and large industrial enterprises; (3) Promulgating the land law, confiscating the land of landlords and monasteries and distributing it to farmers for farming; (4) Make peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary and quit World War I..
Move the capital: Petrograd-Moscow
1920 crushed foreign armed intervention and domestic counter-revolutionary rebellion and won the civil war.
Significance of the October Revolution: The October Socialist Revolution in Russia was the first successful socialist revolution in human history, which gave birth to the first socialist country in the world, promoted the development of the international socialist movement and inspired the liberation struggle of the colonial and semi-colonial people.
Greek polis and Alexandria 1 Greek polis
(1) Scope: Including the Greek Peninsula (main body), Aegean Islands and other areas.
(2) Features: The coastline is tortuous and there are many harbors and islands, which are suitable for developing navigation and overseas trade.
(3) Civilization: Originated in the Aegean region, and Aegean civilization includes Crete civilization and Mycenae civilization. Then he entered the Homer era.
(4) Rise: In the 8th century BC, a city-state appeared in Greece, and Sparta was the largest city-state.
(5) Residents: divided into citizens and non-citizens, which is the relationship between ruling and being ruled. Adult male citizens have the right to participate in the rule, and only citizens can occupy land; It is the duty of citizens to join the army and fight; Citizens are the main body of all activities of the city-state.
2. Democracy in Athens
(1) Background: After several reforms, Athens established a democratic regime. In the middle and late 5th century BC, when Pericles was in power, the democracy in Athens reached its peak, and so did the slavery politics.
(2) Performance: Almost all public officials in Athens were drawn by lots from all citizens. 10 presides over the daily affairs of the city-state in turn on behalf of the presidium of all localities; The presidium is elected by national lottery, and the chairman of the presidium is also elected by lottery; The citizens' assembly is the highest authority. Pericles has also established a subsidy system.
(3) Limitations: Gentiles, slaves and women, who account for the vast majority of the population in Athens, have no political rights.
3. Alexander Empire
(1) Rise: Macedonia became a military power in the 4th century BC.
(2) Crusade: In 334 BC, King Alexander of Macedonia led an army to March eastward, defeated the Persian Empire and Egypt successively, entered the two river basins, and reached the Indus River basin as far as possible.
(3) Achievements: The Alexander Empire was established, spanning Europe, Asia and Africa (with Babylon as its capital).
(4) Limitations: Alexander's eastward expedition was aggressive, which brought great disasters to the people of the East and plundered countless wealth in the East.
(5) Enthusiasm: it has promoted the great intersection of eastern and western cultures and strengthened the economic ties and trade exchanges between the east and the west; The new city established by the empire later became a new economic and cultural center.
Economic and social development in western Europe 1, new changes in agriculture;
(1)1/What sports have been carried out in rural areas all over Europe since the century? What is the specific situation?
1 1 century later, European rural areas began to be reclaimed, and a large number of woodlands, wasteland and swamps were developed, and the land area gradually expanded. Some of the reclamation was organized by lords, and most of them were spontaneously reclaimed by farmers. Settlers become the masters of these newly developed areas, which follow the example of autonomous cities and become areas with independent judicial and administrative autonomy.
(2) What changes have taken place in the situation of serfs since the rise of this movement?
Serfs buy immunity from slavery with money, so as to gain free control over their own labor; Or by paying the migration tax, you can get the opportunity to leave the manor and get rid of the personal bondage of the Lord.
(3) What changes have taken place in the land management mode?
Land owners concentrate their land through transfer, marriage, inheritance and sale, and land concentration has become a trend.
(4) How was the land lease farm established?
/kloc-after the middle of the 0/4th century, more and more lords rented out their immediate territories. They live on land rent and no longer participate in production management. Some wealthy farmers set up land lease farms by leasing or buying the land of lords, or subletting or buying the property of other tenants.
(5) What are the characteristics of the leased farm?
Wealthy farmers (farmers) adopt new modes of production to operate, hire farmers who own little or no land to farm and bring their products to the market. Farmers and farmers have formed a relationship of employment and employment exploitation.
(6) What changes have the development of agriculture brought to the market?
The surplus of agricultural products, coupled with the increase in urban demand, makes more agricultural products and livestock products enter the market. Some businessmen transport products bought in rural markets to ports or further afield. Grains from southern France were transported to some cities in Italy, and European woolen cloth and fur were exported to the East.
2. New changes in handicraft industry
(1) What happened to the development of handicrafts in the late Middle Ages?
During the same period of rural changes, handicrafts also developed continuously. On the one hand, craftsmen are gradually separated from agricultural production; On the other hand, they produce more for the market.
(2) How did the scattered handicraft workshops emerge?
/kloc-in the third century, with the refinement of division of labor, small manual workshops developed. In order to pay feudal taxes, farmers engaged in manual production with their own production tools at home, and scattered handicraft workshops appeared in rural areas.
(3) How did centralized handicraft workshops emerge?
Businessmen provide workers with raw materials and unified production tools, so that workers can become hired laborers who completely sell their labor and form a thorough employment relationship with their employers. Because of the unification of production tools, workers often need to concentrate their labor in the same place, thus forming a centralized handicraft workshop. The division of labor and cooperation among employees further improved labor productivity.
(4) What are the characteristics of centralized handicraft workshops?
Businessmen provide raw materials and production tools and hire workers to work in the same place;
A thorough employment relationship has been formed between businessmen and workers who have completely sold their labor force, which embodies the capitalist relations of production.
Renaissance-the era when people were discovered 1, time:14-16th century;
2. Process:/kloc-rose in Italy in the 4th century →/kloc-extended to Europe in the late 5th century →/kloc-reached its climax in the 6th century.
3. The root cause: Italy is the first place where capitalism sprouted. (economic basis)
4. Nature (essence): a new bourgeois cultural movement (the first ideological emancipation movement in Europe)
5. Features: Propagandize capitalist ideas through classical culture.
6. Guiding ideology: humanism (people-centered, not God-centered)
7, representative figures and their works:
(1) Pioneer of Renaissance: Dante (Italy, known as the last poet in the old age and the first poet in the new era) masterpiece: the long poem Divine Comedy;
(2) Renaissance artist: Leonardo da Vinci (Italy), masterpiece: Mona Lisa and the Last Supper;
(3) Renaissance literary masters; Shakespeare (England), dramatist, masterpieces: Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
8. Significance: It has promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields and laid an ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society.