1, Sino-Russian Talbahatai Trade Charter (185 1 year (the first year of Xianfeng), August 6th, Yili)

2. Sino-Russian treaty of infatuation (Aihui, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), May 28th)

3. Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))

The Sino-Russian Ili Talbahatai Trade Charter is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and Russia on August 6th, 185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng), and it is also the first unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and Russia.

Signature background

Russia, adjacent to China, has long monopolized the interests of border trade in Chaktu. With the development of Russian economy and the advance of Russian troops in Central Asia, since the end of 18, Russia has been seeking to expand the scope of land trade with China, exploring ways to enter the coastal ports of China to carry out trade, and ignoring the ban of the Qing government, encouraging Russians to sneak into the northwest of China to spy on business and engage in illegal trade. After the First Opium War, Britain, France and other countries gained the privilege of "five-port trade" and tariff agreement in China. The Russian economy lags behind the advanced capitalist countries in Western Europe, and it is at a disadvantage in the market competition in China, and the trade of Chaktu shows a trend of stagnation and recession. Russian officials and businessmen are increasingly eager to open up markets in northwest China, which is "closer to Russia than the British". Russian troops invaded the northwest border of China more and more frequently.

After a long period of preparation, in July 1847, the czar government first authorized Bo ricard Pu, the high priest of the Orthodox Mission in Beijing, to make a request to the Qing government to allow Russian businessmen to conduct "three-place trade" in Talbahatai (now Tacheng), Yili and Kashgar (now Kashgar) in Xinjiang. The Qing government rejected the Russian request on the grounds that it was "inconsistent with the example". 1850 In June, Major Kovalevski, who was ordered to escort 13 to return to China, relived his old dream in Beijing. The Qing government was repeatedly urged by the Russian side for fear of "refusing to sign a visa and causing trouble." To make matters worse, it decided to meet some Russian demands and open Ili and Talbahatai for "temporary trade". In view of the fact that the historical and geographical conditions of Iraq and Tajikistan are different from those of trading cities located on the border, the Qing government believes that trade cannot be conducted in the way of the Chaktu Treaty, and it is necessary to "properly negotiate the articles of association so as to facilitate long-term benefits and avoid disadvantages". In May of the same year, the Qing government sent a note to the Russian side, asking the Russian side to send personnel to Ili in the spring of the following year to discuss trade regulations. 185 1 year (the first year of Xianfeng) in July, Russian plenipotentiary Kovalevski held a meeting with Yi Shan, the new general of Yili, and Bu Yantai, the counselor of China. Russia still demands the trade between the above three places, and the specific measures are agreed according to the old chapter of Chaktu trade. Yishan compromised blindly and "accepted all Russian proposals" except Kashgar trade. On August 6th, the two sides signed the Talbahatai Trade Charter in Yili.

main content

The Sino-Russian Ili Talbahatai Trade Charter has 17. The main contents are as follows: 1. After Iraq and Tajikistan trade with Russia, Russia can "send a consular official to take charge of trade". 2. China and Russia trade in Iraq and Tajikistan and "do not tax each other". 3. Crimes committed by Russian businessmen in China and Tajikistan are investigated by Russian consuls and are not sanctioned by Russian laws. 4. Russian businessmen can build "trade booths" (that is, trade posts, also known as trade circles) in Iraq and Tajikistan to resettle personnel and stocks; Russians living in the station are "controlled by Russian trade officials" and are not under the jurisdiction of the China government.

As for the previous treaties of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, Blenski and Chaktu, they were not unequal treaties at that time, but now some people think that the Qing government at that time should not cede land to Russia in its heyday, but considered it unequal. In fact, when the Qing government was in power at that time, nomadic people did not have the concept of border sovereignty, and many lands were claimed by themselves, but in fact no jurisdiction was established. Only the treaties of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, Blenski and Chaktu formally demarcated the Russian territory. The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar drew a clear line in the east and the Treaty of Blenski and Chaktu drew a clear line in the middle. On August 31st, Yongzheng five years, the Blenski Border Agreement was signed. According to the treaty, the boundary direction starts from Ergon River in the east, passes through Chuku River (Chikui River) near Qiketu, and reaches Sabinayi Ridge (Sabindabaha) in the northwest corner of Tangnu Wulianghai area in the west, with boundary markers in the middle, China in the south and Russia in the north. According to this treaty, Abaha -Itu border agreement and Seleng border agreement were signed to survey and demarcate the border in detail. On June 25th, the sixth year of Yongzheng, plenipotentiaries of China and Russia formally signed the General Agreement on Politics, Economy and Religion in Chaktu.