It covers an area of about 2.98 million square kilometers (excluding the Indian-occupied area on the Sino-Indian border and the actual control area of Kashmir, etc.). ), while the Indian government claims that it is 3,287,800 square kilometers. This area ranks seventh in the world.

Population11.1.200 million (2006), ranking second in the world. There are ten big ethnic groups and dozens of small ethnic groups, including Hindustan 46.3%, Telugu 8.6%, Bangladeshi 7.7%, Maladi 7.6%, Tamil 7.4%, Gujarat 4.6%, Canada 3.9%, Malayalam 3.9%, Oriya 3.8% and Punjab 2.3%. The official languages are English and Hindi. About 80.5% of the residents believe in Hinduism. Other religions are Islam (13.4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (10.9%), Buddhism (0.8%) and Jainism (0.4%).

Capital New Delhi, population 1, 385. 1, 000 (2006, 5438+0).

The head of state, President Pratibha? Pratibha Patil. He took office on 25 July 2007.

Republic Day: 65438+1October 26th. 1950 65438+1On October 26th, the Indian Parliament adopted the Constitution of the Republic of India and India became a republic. Independence Day: August 15. 1On August 5, 947, the Indian people got rid of British colonial rule and gained independence. Holi Festival: It is one of the four major Hindu festivals in March and April of the Gregorian calendar every year. This festival is also called the Spring Festival, because the crops in India's spring harvest season are about to be harvested, winter has passed and spring has come. Diwali (Divali): It is the biggest festival for Hindus in the two months of Gregorian calendar 10 and10, and it is celebrated for three days in China.

The largest country in the South Asian subcontinent. It borders China, Nepal and Bhutan in the northeast, and Bangladesh is sandwiched between the northeastern territories, bordering Myanmar in the east, Sri Lanka across the sea in the southeast and Pakistan in the northwest. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a coastline of 5,560 kilometers. Generally, it belongs to tropical monsoon climate, and a year is divided into three seasons: cool season (10 to March of the following year), summer (April to June) and rainy season (July to September). Rainfall varies from time to time and is unevenly distributed. Time difference with China -2.5 hours.

One of the four ancient civilizations in the world. Indus civilization was founded between 2500 BC and 1500 BC. Around 1500 BC, an Aryan who originally lived in Central Asia entered the South Asian subcontinent, conquered the local aborigines, established some small slave countries, established the caste system, and Brahmanism rose. The peacock dynasty, which rose in the 4th century BC, unified India. During the reign of King Ashoka in the 3rd century BC, Buddhism flourished and began to spread abroad. In the 2nd century BC, the small country was divided. The Gupta dynasty was founded in the 4th century A.D., and then it became centralized and ruled for more than 200 years. In the Middle Ages, there were many small countries and Hinduism rose. 1398 Turkic Mongols invaded India from Central Asia. The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 and became one of the world powers at that time. /kloc-in 0/600, Britain invaded and established the East India Company. 1757 India became a British colony, and 1849 all its territory was occupied by Britain. /kloc-an anti-British uprising broke out in 0/857, and the British government ruled India directly the following year. 1In June, 947, Britain divided India into two autonomous regions, India and Pakistan, through the Mountbatten Plan. On August 5, 65438, India was divided and became independent. 1950 65438+1On October 26th, the Republic of India was founded and became a member of the Commonwealth.

After India's independence, the Congress Party was in power for a long time, and the opposition party was in power for two short periods: 1977 to 1979 and 1989 to19/kloc-0. After 1996, the political situation in India was unstable. By 1999, three general elections were held and five governments were formed. 1999-2004, the 24-party National League for Democracy headed by the Bharatiya Janata Party came to power, with Vajpayee as Prime Minister.

From April 20th to May 20th, 2004 10, India held the14th Wolesi Jirga election. The United and Progressive Alliance led by the Congress Party won the first seat, and the Congress Party won the priority of forming a cabinet. On may 15, Sonia, president of the congress party? Gandhi was elected as the leader of the parliamentary group of the Congress Party. 19, Manmohan? Singh was elected prime minister. On the 22nd, the new government was formally established. According to the "Minimum Common Program", the government of the United Progressive Alliance emphasizes the protection of the rights and interests of vulnerable groups in society. Carry out humanized economic reform; Emphasize social harmony and balanced regional development; Increase investment in education and health. Emphasize diplomatic independence; Highlight neighboring diplomacy and give priority to developing relations with neighboring countries; Attach importance to the diplomacy of big countries and develop relations with big countries.

The Constitution came into effect on June 26th, 1950. It is stipulated that India is a federal country, a sovereign, socialist and secular democratic Republic, and adopts British parliamentary democracy. Citizens are equal before the law regardless of race, sex, origin, religious belief and place of birth.

After economic independence, the economy has developed greatly. Agriculture has changed from serious food shortage to basic self-sufficiency, and industry has formed a relatively complete system with strong self-sufficiency Since 1990s, the service industry has developed rapidly, and its proportion in GDP has increased year by year. India has become an important exporter of software and financial services in the world.

In July of 199 1, India began to implement comprehensive economic reforms and relaxed its control over industry, foreign trade and finance. From 1992 to 1996, the average annual economic growth was 6.2%. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002), the economy grew at an average annual rate of 5.5%. The second stage of economic reform was carried out from 65438 to 0999. In 20001year, the tenth five-year plan (2002-2007) was issued to deepen the second-stage economic reform, speed up the privatization of state-owned enterprises, liberalize the sales of some daily necessities including agricultural products, improve the investment environment, streamline government institutions and reduce the fiscal deficit.

During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the GDP increased by 3.8%, 8.5%, 7.5%, 9.4% and 9.6% respectively, with an average annual growth rate of 7.8%, which was higher than the 5.5% in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, making it one of the fastest growing countries in the world. It is estimated that it will increase by 9.0% in the fiscal year 2007/2008. National income, fiscal revenue and expenditure and infrastructure construction have all improved. However, agricultural growth is slow and inflationary pressure is increasing. The main economic data are as follows:

Gross domestic product: 46.93602 trillion rupees (fiscal year 2007/2008), about 1. 16 trillion US dollars.

Per capita GDP: 102 1 USD (fiscal year 2007/2008).

GDP growth rate: 9.0% (fiscal year 2007/2008).

Currency name: Indian Rupee.

Exchange rate (2008 165438+ 10 month): 1 USD = 49.05438+0 rupees.

Inflation rate: 8% (1 1 in 2008).

Unemployment rate: 8.3% (fiscal year 2004/2005).

(Source: Economic Monthly Report of the Indian Government in June 5438+065438+2008 10)

Rich in resources, there are nearly 100 kinds of mineral deposits. The output of mica ranks first in the world, and that of coal and barite ranks third in the world. By the end of 2000, the recoverable reserves of major resources are estimated to be: 253,305,438+billion tons of coal, 654,380,346 tons of iron ore, 2,462 million tons of bauxite, 97 million tons of chromite, 0.67 million tons of manganese ore/kloc-0, 9.7 million tons of zinc, 5.297 million tons of copper and 238,656,986 tons of gypsum.

The main industries include textiles, food processing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, steel, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery. Emerging industries such as automobiles, electronics manufacturing and aerospace have developed rapidly in recent years. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the industry increased by 5.7%, 7.0%, 8.4%, 8.2% and 1 1.6% respectively. From April to June, 2008 165438+ 10, the industry increased by 4. 1% year-on-year. The output of major industrial products in recent years is as follows (unit: 10,000 tons):

(Source: Economic Survey of Indian Government in 2007/2008, Monthly Economic Report of Indian Government in 2008 +0 1).

Agriculture has one tenth of the world's arable land, covering an area of about 65.438+0.6 billion hectares, with a per capita of 0.654.38+0.7 hectares, making it one of the largest grain producers in the world. The rural population accounts for 72% of the total population. Due to weak investment and unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers, agricultural development has been slow in recent years. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the agricultural growth rate was -7.2%, 10.0%, 0.0%, 5.9% and 3.8% respectively, with an average annual growth rate of 2.5%. The growth rate in the second quarter of fiscal year 2008/2009 was 2.7%. The output of major agricultural and sideline products in recent years is as follows (unit: million tons):

Service industry 1993 from 2006 to 2006, India's service industry has achieved rapid development, with the growth rate ranging from 5.7% to 10.5%. In 2005, it became the sixth largest service exporter in the world. In fiscal year 2007/2008, the service industry increased by 10.8%, and its proportion in GDP rose to 55.6%. Among them, the transportation and communication industry and the construction industry developed particularly rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of 15.3% and 12.9% respectively during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, and 16.6% and 12% respectively in the fiscal year of 2006/2007. The financial services industry increased by 8.0%, 5.6%, 8.7%, 1 1.4% and 13.9% respectively during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, with an average annual growth rate of 9.5%.

Tourism Tourism is a key industry of the Indian government and an important employment sector, providing more than 20 million jobs. In recent years, the number of inbound tourists has increased year by year, and tourism income has been increasing. In fiscal year 2005/2006, the number of foreign tourists was 4.053 million, up by 12.5%, and the foreign exchange earned was $59,354.38+0 billion. In fiscal year 2006/2007, the number of foreign tourists was 4.63 million, up by 13% year-on-year, and the foreign exchange earned was 9.696 billion dollars. The main tourist spots are Agra, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nalanda, Mysore, Goa, Hyderabad, Trang and Trifan.

The transportation railway is the largest state-owned department and has one of the largest railway networks in the world. Highway transportation has developed rapidly, undertaking 70% of the country's freight volume and 85% of passenger traffic. It is one of the largest highway networks in the world. World ranking of shipping capacity 18.

Railway: The total length is 63,300 kilometers (fiscal year 2006/2007), of which electrified railway 1.78 million kilometers, accounting for 28% of the total length of the railway. The annual passenger traffic was 62190,000, and the freight volume was 483.4 million tons/km.

Highway: The total length is 3.34 million kilometers (at the beginning of 2006), including 66,000 kilometers of national highway, accounting for 2% of the total length and 40% of the total transportation, and 6,543,800 kilometers of national highway. The number of motor vehicles is 85.896 million (fiscal year 2006/2007), including 934,000 buses and 4.782 million trucks. The revenue from highway transportation is 499. 1 100 million rupees for the central government and 265.438+068.38+0 rupees for each state.

Water transport: There are 12 major ports, including Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai (formerly known as Madras), Cochin and Goa. , responsible for 3/4 of the freight volume. Mumbai is the largest port, with 1/5 shipping and 1/2 container transportation passing through this port. 200 small and medium-sized ports. The total length of inland navigable rivers is 6.5438+0.4 million kilometers, but the actual utilization is less than 30%. There are 83 shipping companies, of which 19 is engaged in ocean transportation, 49 are engaged in offshore transportation, and the other two are concurrently engaged. In fiscal year 2006/2007, the total cargo volume of the port was 650 million tons.

Air transport: There are 65,438+04 airlines operating scheduled flights, including air india and air india, with a total of 334 aircraft. There are 65 air transport enterprises specializing in non-scheduled flights, with 20/kloc-0 aircraft. This route reaches major cities on all continents. There are five international airports, located in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Tron and Trifan. 92 domestic airports. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the shipping industry developed rapidly. From 2004 to 2007, the number of tourists doubled. From fiscal year 2003/2004 to fiscal year 2006/2007, the freight volume increased by 45%.

Finance and finance are separated from central and local finance, and the budget has two levels: federal and state. April 1 day to March 3 1 day is an accounting year. For many years, the deficit budget has been implemented to stimulate economic development, and the accumulated debt at the central and state levels accounts for 80% of GDP. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the central fiscal revenue grew at an average annual rate of 16.2%, of which the tax revenue grew at an average annual rate of 20.7%. In fiscal year 2006/2007, the central fiscal deficit was14,257.3 billion rupees (about 34 billion US dollars), accounting for 3.4% of the GDP. In fiscal year 2007/2008, the central fiscal deficit is expected to be1509.48 billion rupees (about 36 billion US dollars), accounting for about 3.2% of GDP. The inflation rate should be controlled below 5%.

By the end of March, 2007, the foreign debt was US$ 654.38 billion+US$ 069.629 billion, including long-term foreign debt of US$ 654.38 billion+US$ 043.390 billion and short-term foreign debt of US$ 26.239 billion. As of February 8, 2008, foreign exchange reserves were about $290.8 billion.

(Source: Economic Survey of Indian Government in 2007/2008)

Foreign trade in recent years, the surge in imports, the slow growth of exports and the widening trade deficit have become the main reasons for the imbalance of international payments. The foreign trade situation in recent years is as follows:

(Unit: USD 100 million)

The main export commodities are: 68.6% of finished products, mainly including textiles, jewelry, mechanical products, chemical products, leather, handicrafts and so on; Primary products 15. 1%, mainly including agricultural products and mineral products; Petroleum products account for 15%, mainly including refined oil, crude oil and petroleum products. The main imported commodities are: petroleum products 30.8%, electronic products 8.6%, gold and silver 7.9%, machinery 7.5% and chemical products 5.2%. The United States is the largest trading partner. China ranks second. Other major trading partners include Germany, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Britain, Switzerland, France, Iran, Japan and Hong Kong.

(Source: Economic Survey of Indian Government in 2007/2008, Monthly Economic Report of Indian Government in 2008 +0 1).

Since 199 1, foreign investment has been actively introduced. 1991From August to March 2007, the total amount of foreign direct investment absorbed was 23,2041100 million rupees (about 54.628 billion US dollars). From April to June, 2007, 165438+ 10, the foreign investment was 450.98 billion rupees (about1165438+400 million US dollars), a year-on-year increase of 36%. Mauritius is the largest source of investment. From April 2000 to June 2007 165438+ 10, the countries that invested the most in India were Mauritius (44.24%), the United States (9.37%), the United Kingdom (7.98%) and the Netherlands (5.84%), and the industries that attracted more foreign investment were In the first seven months of the 2008/2009 fiscal year, India attracted $654.38+08.7 billion in foreign direct investment, with Mauritius (44%), Singapore (8%), the United States (8%), the United Kingdom (7%), the Netherlands (5%) and Japan (3%) making the largest investments in India.

India is one of the major recipients of foreign aid in the world. In fiscal year 2006/2007, the total amount of foreign aid was1941900,000 rupees (US$ 4,504.5 million), including1689.06 million rupees (US$ 3,900/kloc-0.8 billion) in loans and 25,284 million rupees (US$ 5,000,000).

People's Livelihood According to the statistics released by the Indian National Planning Commission in March 2007, there are 240 million poor people in China (the monthly income of urban residents is less than US$ 6.78 and that of rural residents is less than US$ 6.32). The birth rate was 23.5‰(2006) and the mortality rate was 7.5‰. The neonatal mortality rate is 57‰. Life expectancy is 63.2 years (from 200 1 to 2005). There are 32654,380+05600 hospitals and clinics (65438+0 in 2006), 65438+0.765,438+05670 suburban, grass-roots and community health centers (March 2006) and 660,806,5438+. By the end of 2007, the number of telephones (including mobile phones) was 272.88 million, with a penetration rate of 23.9%, including 60.04% in cities and 7.9% in rural areas.

(Source: Economic Survey of Indian Government in 2007/2008)

The Indian army used to be mercenaries of British colonialists. 1947 After the partition of India, three independent armed forces were established. 1978 establishing an independent coast guard. The president is the nominal commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the cabinet is the highest military decision-making body. The Ministry of National Defense is responsible for the command, management and coordination of troops. The service headquarters is responsible for formulating and implementing operational plans and directing operational actions. Deepak, the current army chief of staff? Admiral deepak Kapoor, Air Force Chief of Staff Fari? Homi? Major Farley Homi, Chief of Staff of the Navy, Admiral Arjun? General Alan prakash. Implement a recruitment system. The total strength of the army, navy and air force is 6.5438+0.27 million, ranking fourth in the world. Among them, the army is 654.38+0.35 million, the navy is 70,000, and the air force is 654.38+0.70 million. There are more than 500,000 reserves and 6,543,800 paramilitary troops.

In fiscal year 2007/2008, the national defense budget was 960 billion rupees (about 24 billion US dollars), accounting for about 2% of GDP, with a year-on-year increase of 10%.

12 consistent primary and secondary education should implement cultural education. Higher education lasts for 8 years, including 3 years of undergraduate, 2 years of master and 3 years of doctor. It also includes various vocational and technical education, adult education and other informal education. In fiscal year 2004/2005, there were 767,520 primary schools, 27,4731junior high schools, 152049 senior high schools and 19403 higher education and research institutions (fiscal year 2005/2006), including 350 comprehensive universities, including Delhi University and Indonesia. According to UNESCO's global education monitoring report, from 1990 to 2004, the literacy rate of Indian population increased from 49.4% to 6 1%, but there are still 270 million illiterates above 15, ranking first in the world. In fiscal year 2004/2005, the enrollment rate of children aged 6 to 14 in India was 93.54%, including 96.9 1% for boys and 89.87% for girls.

(Source: Economic Survey of Indian Government in 2007/2008)

Press and publication, printed newspapers and periodicals are mostly owned by private individuals and consortia. By the end of 1993, there were 336 newspapers and periodicals in 96 languages, with a total circulation of 676 1. 1 10,000 copies. Indian and English newspapers and periodicals account for 37% and 16% of the total respectively. The three major daily newspapers are The Times of India, Malayala Entertainment and Gujarat News. The main newspapers in India are The Lion of Punjab, Today Daily and Hindustan. The main English newspapers are Hindustan Times, Politician, The Hindu, Indian Express and so on.

The main news organizations and news agencies are: (1) news release department: equivalent to the government central news agency, with more than 1 100 people in China and 180 people abroad. The telex network covers all parts of the country and provides information for more than 8,000 news organizations. There are 8 regional general branches and 27 branches. (2) Press Trust of India: India's largest news agency, semi-official. Established in August, 1947, merged with India Associated Press and Reuters India Branch, and opened on New Year's Day, 1949. There are 136 domestic branches, 1 1 overseas branches, more than 1000 employees and more than 30 overseas journalists. The daily publication of English exceeds 654.38+10,000 words. Beijing correspondent. (3) Associated Press of India: India's second largest news agency, a joint-stock enterprise of newspaper colleagues. It was incorporated in 1959. There are more than 100 branches. At present, it provides news services to four Gulf countries, Singapore and Mauritius, with branches in Dubai, Washington and Singapore and news stations in 22 countries. (4) Hindustan News Agency: private, mainly editing and publishing news in Hindi, Marathi, Gujarat and Nepali.

All India Radio is affiliated to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, and the broadcasting network covers 99. 1% of the population in China. It is broadcast in 24 languages and 146 dialects. Broadcast in 27 languages.

All India TV Station/KLOC-0 was piloted in September, 1959, and/KLOC-0 was independent from all India Radio Station in June, 1976. It belongs to the news broadcasting department and is one of the largest TV networks in the world. As of March 2005, there are 56 TV stations and 23 satellite channels in China. The TV network covers 77.5% of the country's land area and 89.6% of the population.

Foreign Relations India is one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement, and successive governments have emphasized that non-alignment is the basis of their foreign policy. India strives to develop relations with all countries and plays an important role in regional and international affairs. After the end of the Cold War, the Indian government adjusted its long-standing policy of leaning towards the Soviet Union, pursued all-round pragmatic diplomacy, and created a lasting peaceful and stable regional environment conducive to its own development.

India advocates the establishment of a fair and reasonable new international political order based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and the purposes and principles of the United Nations, which takes into account the interests of all countries and is accepted by all, and calls for further strengthening South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue, and for all countries to jointly create a fair and reasonable new international economic order conducive to the development of the third world. It is suggested to enlarge the Security Council, democratize decision-making and improve work efficiency. Actively participate in un peacekeeping operations. During the period of 1992, the General Assembly formally requested to become a permanent member of the Security Council. In 2005, India, Japan, Brazil and Germany formed the "Group of Four" and put forward a draft resolution on the framework of Security Council reform, demanding the expansion of the Security Council and increasing the number of permanent and non-permanent members, and upholding the veto power of the Security Council.

On the issue of human rights, it is advocated that the promotion of human rights should take into account the specific situation of each country, and the most basic human right is the right to exist; For developing countries, development is superior to democracy and human rights, and they are opposed to politicizing human rights issues, interfering in other countries' internal affairs by using human rights, and damaging the sovereignty and unity of other countries.

Attach importance to global environmental protection, and think that solving this problem should be related to the development requirements of developing countries, and the main responsibility for environmental protection should be borne by developed countries. It is suggested that developed countries and developing countries should jointly carry out research and development to solve environmental problems.

Since 2008, the Indian government has continued to pursue an all-round diplomatic strategy of great powers, attached great importance to India-China relations, given priority to developing relations with the United States, consolidated traditional relations between India and Russia, and promoted relations with major developed countries such as Europe and Japan. The terrorist attacks in Mumbai have caused tension with Pakistan. Continue to pursue the eastward policy and promote relations with ASEAN and countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Attach importance to energy security and gradually expand exchanges and cooperation with energy suppliers such as the Gulf and Central Asia. Emphasize that diplomacy serves the economy and trade, pay attention to the development of economic and trade, scientific and technological cooperation, and absorb foreign capital and technology.

For relations with China, see Sino-Indian Bilateral Relations.

Relations with the United States In July 2005, India and the United States announced the establishment of a global partnership. In March 2006, US President Bush visited India. The two sides reached an agreement on India's nuclear facilities separation plan, set a goal of doubling the trade volume between the two countries within three years, and announced the establishment of a scientific and technological Committee to explore civil space cooperation. In February, 65438, the United States will pass the India-US civil nuclear energy cooperation bill.

In February 2008, US Secretary of Defense Gates visited India. In March, US Assistant Secretary of State Boucher visited India and Indian Foreign Minister Mukherjee visited the United States. In September, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the United States and held talks with President Bush. The two sides issued a joint statement and agreed to carry out civil nuclear energy cooperation. The United States added a consulate general in Hyderabad, India, and India added two consulates general in Atlanta and Seattle. After the Nuclear Suppliers Group lifted the nuclear export restrictions on India, the US House of Representatives approved the India-US nuclear agreement. 165438+ 10 In October, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh went to Washington to attend the G20 financial summit. In February 65438, US Secretary of State condoleezza rice visited India to learn about the terrorist attacks in Mumbai.

Relations with Russia India and Russia have close bilateral relations. In 2000, the two countries announced the establishment of a strategic partnership and an annual summit mechanism.

In February 2008, Russian Prime Minister Zubcov visited India to attend the opening ceremony of the Year of Russia in India. The two sides signed two memorandums of understanding on law enforcement and archives cooperation. In September, Indian Foreign Minister Mukherjee met with Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov during his attendance at the 63rd UN General Assembly. 65438+February, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev visited India, met with Indian President, Vice President, Foreign Minister and parliamentary opposition respectively, held talks with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and attended the closing ceremony of India-Russia Year. The two sides issued a joint statement and signed a cooperation agreement 10 in the fields of energy, economy and trade, finance, customs, tourism and aerospace.

Relations with Japan India-Japan relations have developed well. In 2000, India and Japan established a global partnership. Since 2004, India has become Japan's largest overseas development aid target. From June 5438 to February 2006, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Japan, and the two sides announced the establishment of a global strategic partnership, and designated 2007 as "India-Japan Friendship Year" and "India-Japan Tourism Exchange Year".

In July 2008, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh went to Hokkaido to attend the G8 meeting. In August, Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Kōmura visited India. In June+10, 5438, Prime Minister Singh visited Japan and held talks with Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso. The two sides agreed to strengthen cooperation on energy security, climate change, UN reform and other issues, and issued the Joint Declaration on India-Japan Security Cooperation and the Joint Declaration on the Progress of India-Japan Global Strategic Partnership.

Relations with the EU and EU countries In 2000, India established a summit meeting mechanism with the EU. In 2005, the two sides formally established the India-Europe strategic partnership. The whole EU is India's largest trading partner and an important source of investment.

Greek Prime Minister karamanlis and Hungarian Prime Minister Gyurcsanyi visited India from June 5th to 10, 2008. British Prime Minister Tony Blair visited India to attend the 4th India-UK Summit. French President Nicolas Sarkozy visited India and attended the Republic of India Day celebration as the guest of honor. In February, Danish Prime Minister Rasmussen and British Prime Minister Brown visited India. In March, German Foreign Minister Steinmeier visited India. In September, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited France, held talks with French President and rotating EU President Nicolas Sarkozy, attended the India-Europe Business Summit and delivered a speech. The two sides signed the India-France Joint Statement and the India-Europe Joint Action Plan. 65438+February, British Prime Minister Brown visited India.

Relations with ASEAN and ASEAN countries India is geographically close to Southeast Asian countries and has a long history. India actively pursues the "Eastward Policy", strengthens its political and economic relations with ASEAN, and actively participates in East Asian cooperation.

June 5438 +2008 10, Myanmar Foreign Minister Wu Nianwen visited India. Indian Defense Minister Anthony visits Malaysia. In August, Chomali Sayasong in president, Laos? Senakon visited India. 165438+ 10 In October, Indian President patil visited Viet Nam and Indonesia.

Relations with SAARC and SAARC countries India is one of the founding members of SAARC and now holds the rotating presidency. Printed in 1986, 1995 and 2007, it hosted three SAARC summits. As the largest country in SAARC, India emphasizes strengthening the ties between South Asian countries, actively promotes the free flow of logistics, personnel, technology, knowledge, capital and culture within SAARC, and finally establishes the South Asian Economic Community. In August 2008, Prime Minister Singh attended the 15 SAARC Summit in Colombo.

Since 2004, India and Pakistan have maintained the process of peaceful dialogue, and bilateral relations have continued to ease. In May 2008, Indian Foreign Minister Mukherjee visited Pakistan, and both sides decided to continue the peace process between India and Pakistan. In June, Pakistani Foreign Minister Qureshi visited India to discuss the arrangements for the fifth round of comprehensive dialogue between the two countries. In July, India and Pakistan launched the fifth round of comprehensive dialogue process. In September, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met with Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari during the 63rd UN General Assembly. On June 5438+ 10, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met with Pakistani Prime Minister Gilani during the 7th ASEM Summit in Beijing. 165438+ 10 In October, Pakistani Foreign Minister Qureshi visited India again. 165438+1On October 26th, after the serial terrorist attacks in Mumbai, India accused the Pakistani terrorist organization Lashkar-e- Ba Tai of creating this incident. India-Pakistan relations are tense and the peace process is interrupted. Through the mediation of the international community, the tension between the two countries has cooled down, but it has not been fundamentally alleviated.

In February 2008, Maldivian President gayoom visited India. In March, Mohin, chief of staff of Bangladesh Army, visited India. In May, Prime Minister Singh visited Bhutan. In June, Indian Foreign Minister Mukherjee visited Sri Lanka. In August, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh went to Colombo to attend the 15 SAARC Summit and met with Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa. In September, Nepalese Prime Minister Prachanda visited India. On June 5438+ 10, Indian Foreign Minister Mukherjee met with Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Pogragama during the 63rd UN General Assembly. 165438+ 10 In October, Indian Foreign Minister Mukherjee visited Nepal, and Prime Minister Singh met with Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa during the second summit of the initiative for multi-field economic and technological cooperation around the Bay of Bengal. In February, 65438, Maldivian President Nasheed visited India. On June 5438+ 10, 2009, Afghan President Hamid Karzai visited India.